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SFOM Exam 3 > Hematopoiesis and Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis and Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

How are leukocytes generated?

A

Hematopoiesis

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2
Q

What does it mean if a cell is pluripotent?

A

It is capable of giving rise to several different cell types

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3
Q

What are the three main pathways a hematopoietic stem cell can commit to?

A

Myeloid progenitor, lymphoid progenitor, erythroid progenitor

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4
Q

Cells of the innate immune system come from which progenitor cell?

A

Common myeloid progenitor

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5
Q

Cells of the adaptive immune system come from which progenitor cell?

A

Common lymphoid progenitor

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6
Q

Which cells come from the common myeloid progenitor?

Specific cell names

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

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7
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

White blood cells with granules in the cytoplasm

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

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8
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytes - capture, engulf, and kill pathogens

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9
Q

How long do neutrophils live?

A

1-2 days

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10
Q

Which granulocyte is most abundant in the blood?

A

Neutrophils

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11
Q

Describe the neutrophil killing mechanism of phagolysosome formation.

A

Killing by microbial mechanisms: acidification, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, antimicrobial peptides

Neutrophils store these antimicrobial substances in granules

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12
Q

What substances do neutrophils store in primary (azurophilic) granules?

A

Antimicrobials

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13
Q

What substances do neutrophils store in secondary (specific) granules?

A

ROS

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14
Q

What would happen if a pathogen with catalase activity infected neutrophils?

A

Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide (an ROS produced in the phagolysosome), causing increased resistance to killing by neutrophils or evasion of neutrophil-mediated killing.

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15
Q

Describe neutrophil extracellular traps.

A

Networks of extracellular fibers primarily composed of DNA from neutrophils. This is killing mechanism of neutrophils.

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16
Q

The presence of 6 or more segments in a neutrophil nucleus suggests what?

A

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

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17
Q

What are the second most abundant granulocyte in the blood?

A

Eosinophils

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18
Q

What do the granules of eosinophils contain?

A
  • Preformed stores of eosinophil cationic protein, major basic protein, and eosinophil peroxidase
  • Hydrolytic enzymes
  • Cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors
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19
Q

What are elevated levels of eosinophils associated with?

A

Parasitic worm infection and allergy

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20
Q

What granulocyte makes up less than 1% of blood leukocytes?

A

Basophils

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21
Q

What do the granules of basophils contain?

A

Histamines

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22
Q

Basophils play a role during what?

A

Parasite infection and allergy

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23
Q

What do the granules of mast cells contain?

A

Histamines

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24
Q

What do mast cells play a role in?

A

Allergy

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25
Q

Monocytes are precursors to what?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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26
Q

Describe monocytes.

A
  • Agranular
  • Bean shaped nuclei
  • Bigger in size than granulocytes
  • Generated in bone marrow
  • Circulate in blood with concentration of 0-900/mcL
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27
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Large, irregularly shaped cells characterized by an extensive cytoplasm with numerous vacuoles, often containing engulfed material

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28
Q

What do macrophages that are resident in tissues due at the sign of infection?

A

They are the first to sense the invasion, so they send out signals to recruit neutrophils and other immune cells by secreting cytokines

29
Q

What is the lifespan of a macrophage?

A

Tissue resident macrophages - years
Inflammatory macrophages - days to weeks

30
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A
  • Phagocytosis and killing ingested microbes
  • Ingest necrotic host cells, including cells that die in tissues due to trauma, effects of toxins, or apoptotic cells
  • Secrete cytokines for amplification of immune response, leukocyte activation and migration, and assistance in cell proliferation
  • Serve as antigen presenting cells - displays antigens and activates T lymphocytes
  • Form macrophage extracellular traps
31
Q

Which cell, neutrophil or macrophage, has higher ROS activity?

A

Neutrophils have higher ROS activity, while macrophages have higher RNS activity

32
Q

What is the function of IL-1?

A

Activation of immune cells

33
Q

What is the function of IL-6?

A

Induces synthesis of acute phase proteins responsible for inflammation

34
Q

What is the function of IL-2?

A

Induces proliferation and activity of T cells

35
Q

What is the function of TNF alpha?

A

Induces cytokine secretion, immune cell activation; important during inflammation

36
Q

What is the function of IFN gamma?

A

Activates immune cells, important in clearance of intracellular pathogens

37
Q

What is the function of CXCL-8 (IL-8)?

A

Neutrophil infiltration

38
Q

What is the function of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP, CCL-2)?

A

Potent chemoattractant for monocytes

39
Q

What is the function of IL-10?

A

Suppresses cytokine production, anti-inflammatory

40
Q

How do cytokines work?

A
  • Cytokine binds to the cell surface cytokine receptor on target cell
  • Receptor associated JAK gets activated
  • Activated JAK phosphorylates tyrosine residues on the receptor
  • This recruits STAT to the receptor
  • Receptor associated JAK also phosphorylates STAT
  • Phosphorylated STATS form hetero or homo dimers, which translocate to the nucleus to induce transcription of target genes
41
Q

What are the four functions of tissue-resident macrophages?

A
  • Clearance: degradation of erythroid nuclei, senescent erythrocytes, apoptotic cells, and pulmonary surfactant
  • Development: bone degradation and angiogenesis
  • Regulation of metabolism: regulation of insulin sensitivity and adaptive thermogenesis in adipose tissue
  • Fundamental role as an immune sentinel, initiating inflammatory responses, clearing inflammatory debris, and restoring homeostatic tissue environments
42
Q

What are the functions of dendritic cells?

A
  • Threat recognition, phagocytosis
  • Antigen presentation to T cells - link between innate and adaptive immune response
  • Respond to microbes by secreting cytokines
43
Q

Which cells are considered “professional phagocytes?”

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

44
Q

What are the phagocytic receptors on a typical phagocyte?

A

Complement, Fc receptors, scavenger receptors

45
Q

What are the activation receptors on a typical phagocyte?

A

Toll-like receptors, nod-like receptors

These recognize PAMPs

46
Q

MHC I is expressed on what cells?

A

All nucleated cells, presents antigens to CD8 T cells

47
Q

MHC II is present on what cells?

A

Professional phagocytes or APCs, presents antigens to CD4 T cells

48
Q

Which professional phagocyte is the best at antigen presentation to T cells?

A

Dendritic cells

49
Q

What are the functions of B lymphocytes?

A
  • Antigen presenting cells
  • Antibody production
50
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

A

Bone marrow

51
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

52
Q

What are the functions of helper T cells?

A
  • Cytokine and chemokine release
  • Activation of macrophages and other phagocytes
  • Stimulation of inflammation
  • Activation of B cells
53
Q

What are the function of cytotoxic T cells?

A
  • Receive signals from helper T cells
  • Release proteins from granules (similar to granulocytes)
  • Kill infected cells
54
Q

Describe the specificity of BCR and TCR.

A

Highly specific to antigens

55
Q

What are the functions of regulatory T cells?

A
  • Suppress the immune response
  • Produce anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF beta)
56
Q

When are Tregs helpful?

A
  • During infection to kill pathogens
  • After pathogen is killed
57
Q

How do Tregs mediate their effects?

A
  • Producing pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • Producing anti-inflammatory cytokines
58
Q

Are NK cells considered innate or adaptive immune cells?

A

Innate immune cells

59
Q

How do NK cells kill infected cells?

A

Similarly to CD8 T cells, they release proteins stored in granules

60
Q

Cytokines that influence production of immune cells are produced by what?

A
  • Stromal cells and macrophages in bone marrow: provide local environment for hematopoiesis
  • Antigen-stimulated T cells and cytokine- or microbe-activated macrophages: replenish leukocytes that may be consumed during immune reactions
61
Q

What cells produce GMCSF?

A

T cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts

62
Q

What cells produce SCF?

A

Bone marrow stromal cells

63
Q

What is the SCF receptor known as?

A

c-kit (CD117)

C-kit is an oncogene associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumor

64
Q

What cytokines stimulate differentiation of the erythroid progenitor?

A

Thrombopoietin - creates platelets
Erythropoietin - creates erythrocytes

65
Q

What cells produce IL-7?

A

Bone marrow stromal cells, fibroblasts

66
Q

IL-7 promotes differentiation into which cell?

A

Into the common lymphoid progenitor

67
Q

IL-4 promotes differentiation into which cell?

A

B cells

68
Q

IL-2 promotes differentiation into which cell?

A

T-cells

SFOM Exam 3 (29 decks)

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