Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IHO Week 1 > Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Cathelicidins

A

Cathelicidins (CATionic HELIcal bacteriCIDal proteIN) are α-helical peptides
Human cathelicidin LL37 is highly expressed by PMNs and numerous mucosal and epithelial cell types.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Defensins

A

Defensins are β-strand peptides connected by disulfide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cathelicidins and defensins - how they work

A

Most are short peptides (

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

HSC –> myeloid requires what signals

A

IL-3, GM-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HSC –> lymphoid requires what signals

A

IL-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are cytokines

A

Cytokines are soluble secreted molecules involved in cell-to-cell signaling. All cytokines are proteins / glycoproteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are chemokines

A

Chemokines are a large family of cytokines that can attract cells into inflamed tissues and play a role in leukocyte homing and recruit cells of the innate and adaptive immune response to fight off an infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Major cytokine categories

A 
Interferons
Interleukins
Colony stimulating factors
chemokine
tumor necrosis factors
transforming growth factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

interferons

A

In general, these are cytokines that are important in limiting the spread of viral infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

interleukins

A

Large group of cytokines produced mainly by T cells (also macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells, etc.). Variety of functions including causing neighboring cells to divide and differentiate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CSFs

A

Primarily involved in directing the division and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells and precursors of blood leukocytes. Controls how many and what kind of leukocyte is to be produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chemokine

A

Chemotactic cytokine used to direct the movement of leukocytes around the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

TNFs

A

Particularly important in mediating inflammation and cytotoxic reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TGFs

A

Important in regulating cell division and tissue repair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PLC pathway (example T cell)

A

TCR – PLC gamma 1 –> split PIP2 –> DAG and IP3– IP3 stimulates Ca release from ER – activate calmodulin – calcineurin –NFAT –>

IL-2 (T cell proliferation)

In B-cells, its a BCR and then PLC gamma 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ras/MAP Pathway

A

TCR mediated signals –> Ras/ Dag –> MAP kinase cascade –> gene activation (AP-1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PKC pathway (example T cell activation)

A

TCR/CD3 –> DAG/PKCo –> signal… –> NF-kB pathway –> gene activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

PKC in general associated with

A

proinflammatory and activation events rather than regulatory processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

interleukin 1 family

A

IL-1alpha/beta/Ra/18/33
Proinflammatory mediators
Secreted early in immune response from presence of foreign antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hematopoietin (Class I cytokine) family

A

IL-2, 3, 4, 5,6,7,12,13,15,21,23,
GM-CSF, G-CSF, GH, prolactin, erythropoeitin/hematopoietin

Sequence and functional diversity (similar 3D shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Interferon (class II cytokine) family

A

IFN- alpha/beta/gamma
IL-10, 19, 20, 22, 24
Antiviral (IFN) and modulators of immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tumor necrosis factor family

A 
TNF-alpha, beta
CD40L, Fas (CD95), BAFF, APRIL, LTB
soluble or membrane bound
immune system development, effector functions and homeostasis (signal development, cell survival, death)
function as trimers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Interleukin 17 family

A

IL-17 a, B, C, D, F
Promote neutrophil accumulation and activation
Proinflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chemokines

A

IL-8, CCL19, CCL21, RANTES, CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL3 (MIP-1a)

Chemoattractant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hematopoietin receptors

A

Receptors generally include two types of protein domains – an immunoglobulin domain and a fibronectin-like domain.
The fibronectin-like domain is referred to as the cytokine-binding homology region (CHR).
CHR is common to cytokine receptors from several families.

Three subfamilies of receptors.
gamma, beta, gp130

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

gp130 hematopoietin receptor

A

KO in mice is lethal
cytokine members include IL-6 and IL-12
Specificity comes from ligand-specific chains in dimers or trimers coupled with gp130

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

two major types of interferon

A

Type I = IFN alpha, beta

Type II = IFN gamma

28
Q

Signal transduction of Class I and II cytokines

A

Cytokine binds - dimerization of receptor – activation of JAK family tyrosine kinases - phosphorylated – tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT by JAK kinase - dimerization of STAT – into nucleus – specific gene transcription

29
Q

TNF alpha

A

proinflammatory cytokine. Produced primarily by activated macrophages, but
also by other cell types
in response to infection, inflammation, and environmental stressors
Binds TNF-R1 or TNF-R2

30
Q

TNF beta

A

produced by activated lymphocytes and can deliver a variety of signals.
On binding to neutrophils, endothelial cells, and osteoclasts (bone cells), TNF-beta delivers activation signals.
In other cells, binding of TNF-beta can lead to increased expression of MHC and adhesion molecules.

31
Q

TLRs are technically ——–

A

PRRs

32
Q

TLRs respond to

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

33
Q

PAMPs include

A

LPS, peptidoglycan, lipopeptides, flagellin, bacterial DNA and viral dsRNA

34
Q

DAMPs include

A

intracellular proteins and protein fragments from the extracellular matrix

35
Q

Stimulation of TLRs by PAMPs and DAMPs initiates

A

signaling cascades that lead to the activation of AP-1, NF-kB and interferon regulatory factors –> production of IFNs, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and effector cytokines that direct adaptive immune response

36
Q

Mother of all immune system transcription factors

A

NF-kB

37
Q

TLR signaling consists of at least three distinct pathways:

A

a MyD88-dependent pathway that leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines and one that leads to the production of IFN-α, and a MyD88-independent pathway associated with the stimulation of IFN-β and the maturation of dendritic cells.

38
Q

cellular responses to TLR signaling

A

activation of NF-kB –> expression of pro-inflammatory genes (PGs, LTs, interleukins and cytokines), increased phagocytosis and synthesis of ROS/RNS, increased efficiency of antigen presentation

39
Q

two major phagocyte lineages

A 
monocytes
polymorphonuclear granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
40
Q

Colony forming units that can give rise to granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes, and megakaryocytes

A

CFU-GEMMs

41
Q

CFU-GEMMs –> 1 of 5 pathways

A

IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) = CFU-GM, CFU-B or CFU-Eo

42
Q

CFU-GM –> further differentiation

A

IL-3 and GM-CSF further differentiation of granulocytes and monocytes

43
Q

Eosinophil differentiation

A

CFU-Eo –> Eo with IL-5

44
Q

development of mononuclear phagocytes

A

Myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow differentiate into pro-monocytes and then into circulating monocytes, which migrate through the blood vessel walls into organs to become macrophages.

45
Q

morphology monocyte

A

large, horseshoe shaped nucleus, azurophilic (blue) granules

46
Q

Monocyte expresses

A

CD14 (binds LPS)
MHC class II
CD11a and b (adhesion molecules)
CD64 and CD32 –> Fc receptors (bind antibodies)

47
Q

neutrophils attracted to what chemotactic agents

A

Protein fragments released when complement is activated (C5a)
Factors derived from the fibrinolytic and kinin systems
Products of other leukocytes and platelets
Products of certain bacteria

48
Q

primary granules of neutrophils carry

A

are lysosomes containing acid hydrolases, myeloperoxidase, and muramidase (lysozyme); they also contain the antimicrobial proteins including defensins, seprocidins, cathelicidins, and bacterial permeability inducing (BPI) protein

49
Q

secondary granules of neutrophils carry

A

lactoferrin and lysozyme

50
Q

neutrophils express

A

CD11a, b, and c –> associated with CD18β2 chains (adhesion molecules)
CD64, CD32, and CD16 –> Fc receptors (bind antibodies)

51
Q

basophils and mast cells both bind

A

Fc epsilon

52
Q

IL-4 on B cell

A

activation, proliferation, differentiation

53
Q

IL-4 on T cell

A

Proliferation and differentiations

54
Q

IL-4 on Mast cell

A

Proliferation

55
Q

TLR 4/4

A

Gram negative bacteria and viral proteins

56
Q

TLR 2/1

A

bacteria, parasites

57
Q

TLR 2/6

A

Gram +, fungi

58
Q

TLR 5/5

A

Flagellated bacteria

59
Q

TLR 3/3

A

Viral dsRNA

60
Q

TLR 7/7

A

viral ssRNA

61
Q

TLR 8/8

A

viral ssRNA

62
Q

TLR 9/9

A

bacterial/viral DNA

63
Q

TLR signaling, 3 distinct pathways

A

MyD88 dependent to inflammatory cytokines, MyD88 dependent to INF a, MyD88 independent to IFNb

64
Q

MyD88 pathway common to all TLR except

A

TLR3

65
Q

NF-kB activation causes

A

Expression of pro-inflammatory genes

  • Production of prostaglandins and other leukotrienes
  • Production of interleukins and other cytokines

Increased phagocytosis and synthesis of reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules in macrophages and neutrophils

Increased efficiency of antigen presentation

IHO Week 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions