Circulating Blood Flashcards
Typles of blood cells
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells/RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
- Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)
Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes, Monocytes)
Platelets
plasma vs serum
Plasma clots, serum does not clot
Serum lacks the protein fibrinogen and some other clotting factors
RBC life span and numbers
Life span: 120-130 days
Numbers
Male: 5 x 10^6/mm3
Female: 4.5 x 10^6/mm3
RBCs are 500-1000 times more numerous than leukocytes
Platelets life span and numbers
Life span: 8-10 days
400,000/mm3
Granulocytes vs agranulocytes (mitosis)
Granulocytes lose the ability to divide while developing
Agranulocytes maintain the ability to divide throughout development
Neutrophils morphology
multi-lobed nucleus, azurophilic granules (reddish purple - lysosomal), specific granules (light purple, bactericidal), tertiary granules (gelatinase)
3 killing mechanisms for neutrophils
phagocytosis, degranulation, neutrophil extracellular traps
neutrophil phagocytosis
Opsonization with antibody or complement
Phagosome merges with granules and lysosome to kill bacteria
neutrophil degranulation
Reactive oxygen species, acids and enzymes kill bacteria
Neutrophil extracellular traps
Fibers of chromatin and granule proteins are released from the cell and trap bacteria –>
Concentrates antimicrobial components from granules. Physical barrier to pathogen spread within connective tissue
Eosinophils number of WBC differential
1-6%
200 mm3
Neutrophils number of WBC differential
50-70%
4,400 mm3
Morphology eosinophil
bi-lobed nucleus azurophilic granules (lysosomes - parasites and ag/ab complexes) specific granules (eosinophilic - large, vs parasites)
locations eosinophils
Lamina propria underlying epithelium of digestive and respiratory tracts
Other places as well
eosinophil functions
allergic reactions, inflammatory reactions, parasitic worm invasions
basophil nucleus
irregular shape, hard to see
basophil number of WBC differential
0.5%, 40/mm3
basophil granules
specific - large, basophilic (histamine, heparin, chemotactic factors, peroxidase)
azurophilic - lysosomes
basophil numbers increase in
some leukemias, chicken pox and small pox, sinus inflammations
basophil functions
initiating allergic and inflammatory responses, Fc receptors recognize the Fc fragment of IgE, release histamine, produce leukotrienes
lymphocytes number of WBC differential
20-40%
2,500/mm3
nucleus lymphocytes
dark staining, hill & valley pattern of heterochromatic vs euchromatin
three classes of lymphocytes
b, t, nk cells
cannot determine from histology
b lymphocytes fate
15% circulating lymphocytes
plasma cells –> ab production and humoral immune responses
memory cells –> responsible for secondary immune responses
t lymphocytes proportion
80-90% circulating lymphocytes
subtypes T-lymphocytes
Cytotoxic
T helper
T suppressor
T cell functions
cell mediated immune responses
assist in humoral mediated immune responses
NK cells function
able to kill cells w/o stimulation of antigen, release granules of perforin proteins that form pores in nearby cells to cause apoptosis
viral infection
monocytes number in WBC differential
2-8%, 300/mm3
morphology monocytes
nucleus: indented, oval, kidney or horseshoe shaped vacuoles sometimes visible some azurophilic granules larger than other leukocytes bluish cytoplasm
monocyte function
differentiate into macrophages in the CT and other places
chylomicroms
fat w/ plasma proteins
apparent after a fatty meal
found in plasma
hemoconia
junk in the blood stream
broken down RBCs, endothelial cells, other debris not filtered in spleen/liver
lymph contains
plasma (carbonic acid, little oxygen)
cells (lymphocytes, granulocytes but too many = disease)
