INTRO TO IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards
Can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
Immunology
A foreign substance that induces such as immune response is called
Immunogen
Macromolecules capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or through synthesized T-cell in an immunocompetent host
Immunogen
Who discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox
Edward Jenner
Procedure of injecting cellular material became known as
VACCINATION
The practice pf deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesion was known as
VARIOLATION
Vaccination comes from the lation word vacca which means
Cow
The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as
Cross immunity
A scientist works with the bacteria that caysed chicken cholera
Louis pasteur
Contain organism but less virulent pathogen
Attenuated vaccine
Example of attenuated vaccine
BCG or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine
Who is the father of immunology?
Louis Pasteur
Delayed type immunity
Robert koch
Development of polio vaccine
Salk, sabin
Derived from thymus
T-cells
Structured to recognize, respond to, and destroy a wide variety of invading organism that would otherwise be capable of promoting infections, harmful to the body
Immune system
Physiological mechanism that endow the animal with the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissues
Immunity
Natural immunity also knkwn as
Innate immunity or nonspecific immunity
Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions
Natural immunity
Example of natural immunity
Skin, stomach, polymorphonuclear
Type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent.
Acquired immunity
Acquired immunity also known as
Adaptive immunity or specific immunity
Has memory cells
Acquired immunity
Lacks memory
Natural immunity
Has standardized response to all antigen
Natural immunity
Has diverse response
Acquired immunity
Two defense system of natural immunity
- external defense system
- internal defense system
2nd line defense
Internal defense system
Composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body
External defense system
1st like defense
External defense system
The most important function in the internal defense system
Phagocytosis
Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organism
Internal defense system
Complement pathway also kniwn as
Classical pathway
How many proteins does complement pathway have?
9 proteins
What are the phagocytosis cells
Monocytes Neutrophil Macrophages
Kills cancer or tumor cells
LAK or lymphokine-activated killer cells
Cellular component of natural immunity
- phagocytes
- NK cells
- lymphokine-activated killer cells
Humoral component of the natural immunity
- cytokines
- complement patyway
- lysozymes
- antimicrobial substances
- betalysin
Receptors known as _______ help make neutrophils sticky and enhance adherence to endothelial cells
Selectins
Second stage neutrophil forms _______ which squeeze through junction of endothelial cells
Pseudopods
Chemical messenger that causes migration of cells
Chemotaxis
Process of diapedesis begins with_____
Margination and adherence
Process where toxic substances are released
Reddish orange granules
Eosinophils
Process where toxic substances are released by the cell are the ones killing the microorganisms
ADCC - Antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity
Less than 1% of WBC
Basophils
1-3% of WBC
Eosinophils
Largest WBC constitutes in peripheral blood ; 4-10% of WBC
Monocytes
50-70% WBC
Neutrophils
Bluish purple contain histamine
Basophils
Can be found on connective tissue
Mast cells
Involved in immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Basophils
Involves in allergy reaction
Mast cells
Possesses grayish blue cytoplasm
Monocytes
Released to bloodstreambfor 70 hours
Monocyte
Larger version of monocytes on tissues
Macrophages
There is increase in the number of ER, lysosokes and mitochondria
Macrophages
Its function is to phagocytosed antigen and present it to T-helper cells
Dendritic cells
Protein discovered in the fruit fly Drosophilia
Pattern Recognition Receptor - PRR
Engulfment of cells and particulate matter by leukocyte, macrophage and other cells
Phagocytosis
Cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical susbtances
Chemotaxis
2 types of chemotaxis
Positive chemotaxis
Negative chemotaxis
Away from the stimulus
Negative chemotaxis
Towards the stimulus
Positive chemotaxis
Opsonization come fron a greej word which means
To prepare for eating
Coating of antibody or complement to facilitate phagocytosis
Opsonization
Serum proteins that attach to a foreign substance and help prepare it for phagocytosis
Opsonins
Example of opsonins
C3b, fibronectin, immunoglobulins
Via opsonin receptors that recognize opsonins such as IgG, CRP, and C3b bound to microorganisms
Indirect
Via pattern recognition receptors or TLR that recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms
Direct
Occurs when the cytoplasmic pseudopods enclosed tge particle within a vacuole
Oxygen dependent
Respiratory burst happens in the
2nd stage of phagocytosis
Production of nitric oxide from oxidation of L-arginine by NO synthase which is produced by IFN gamma activated cells
Oxygen independent
Induced when the phagocytix cell comes in contact with a microorganisms
Nitric oxide
Soluble, highly labile, free radical gas that is capable of operating against organism that invade the cytosol
Nitric oxide
The overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent
Inflammation
First inflammatory response
Vasodilation
First hemostatic response
Vasoconstriction
What are the 5 cardinal of inflammation
Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Tumor - swelling
Dolor - pain
Functio - loss of function
They are produced primarily by hepatocytes within 12-24 gours in response to an increase in certain intracellular signaling polypeptides called cytokines
Acute phase reactants
Most important APR (acute phase reactants)
- C-reactige protein
- serym amyloid A
Were originally named because they literally interfere with viral replication prodess in an infected cell
Interferon
Primarily produced by mononuclear
IFN-a or interferon-alpha
Primarily produce by fibroblast
Interferon beta
Can directly trigger apoptotic death of some tumor cells through a receptor-mediated mechanism
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha is also known as
Cachectin
Tumor Necrosis Factor beta also knoen as
Lymphotoxin
Complex series of more than30 soluble and cell bound proteins that interact in a very specific way to enhance host defense mechanism against foreign cells
Complement pathway
Who gave a termed complement?
Paul Ehrlich
Was awarded a Noble Prize for elucidating the nature of complement
Jules Bordet
Leads to inflammation and tissue damage
Chronic activation
Favtor that is Made in adipose tissue
Factor D
Classical pathway is considered as
Antibody dependent pathway
Properdin system
Independent pathway
3rd line defense
Adaptive immunity
Acquired immunity or specific immunity
Adaptive immunity
Cellular components of adaptive immunity
T cells
B cells
Plasma cwlls
Memory B cells
Humoral components of adaptive immunity
Lymphokinase
Antibodies
Actively involved in producing antibodies
Active immunity
Provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system
Passive immunity
The body produced antibodies
Naturally acquired active immunity
Takes infectious agent and alters it to become harmless. This type of vaccine is not applicable to people that are immunocompromised
Attenuated vaccine
Produces by killing the organism. Suitable for young and older people
Inactivated vaccine
Chemically modified toxins from a pathogenic microorganisms which is no longer toxic but still immunogenic
Toxoid
Example of naturally acquired passve immunity
Placental transfer of IgG, breastfeeding
Protection acquired by giving a person an injection or transfusion of antibodies nade by someoje else
Artifically acquired passive immunity
Example of artificially acquired passige immunity
Rabies vaccine
Innate immunity:
Mechanisms involved are nonspecific
Adaptive immunity:
Reinforcement
Innate immunity:
Mechanisms that preexist the invasion of foreign agents
Adaptive immunity:
Inducibility
Innate immunity:
Components are preformed
Adaptive immunity:
Specificity
Inactivated polio vaccine
Salk
Oral polio vaccine
Sabin
Causative agent of cervical cancer
Papilloma virus
Chemical messenger that causes migration of cells
Chemotaxis
Chemical messenger that attracts neutrophil in a particular direction
Chemotaxins
Secretion
Sweat gland - lactic acid
Sebaceous gland - fatty acid
Tears and saliva- beta lysine
Acidity of stomach - hydrochloric acid
Granules that can kill parasites
Major basic protein
Basophil granules contain
Histamine, heparin, eosinophil chemotactic factor
Involves in allergy reaction
Eosinophil and mast cell
Mast cell life span
9-18 months
Best antigen presenting cell
Dendritic cell
Most potent phagocytic cell in the tissues
Dendritic cell
Bind and hydrolyzes ATP
Nucleotide binding site and leucine rich repeat
Provide surveillance
Pattern recognition receptors
Cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical substances
Chemotaxis
Example of complement proteins
C5a, C5b, C6, C7
Example of opsonins
C3b, C4b, C5b, fibronectin, leukotrienes, immunoglobulins
Steps of phagocytosis
- Attachment, adhesion, initiation
- Formation of phagosome
- Formation of phagolysosome
- Digestion and release
Tissue damage cause release of _______ and ________ that trigger a local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability
Vasoactive
Chemotactic factors
Example of toxoid vaccine
Diphtheria toxoid vax, tetanus toxoid vax, botulinum toxoid
Major mediator of the innate defense against gram negative bacteria
Tumor necrosis factor
Given to pregnant women that experiencing hemolytic disease of newborn
RH immuneglobulin
RH neg
Mother
RH positive
Fetus
