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IMSE LEC PRELIM > INTRO TO IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRO TO IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body

A

Immunology

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2
Q

A foreign substance that induces such as immune response is called

A

Immunogen

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3
Q

Macromolecules capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or through synthesized T-cell in an immunocompetent host

A

Immunogen

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4
Q

Who discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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5
Q

Procedure of injecting cellular material became known as

A

VACCINATION

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6
Q

The practice pf deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesion was known as

A

VARIOLATION

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7
Q

Vaccination comes from the lation word vacca which means

A

Cow

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8
Q

The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as

A

Cross immunity

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9
Q

A scientist works with the bacteria that caysed chicken cholera

A

Louis pasteur

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10
Q

Contain organism but less virulent pathogen

A

Attenuated vaccine

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11
Q

Example of attenuated vaccine

A

BCG or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine

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12
Q

Who is the father of immunology?

A

Louis Pasteur

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13
Q

Delayed type immunity

A

Robert koch

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14
Q

Development of polio vaccine

A

Salk, sabin

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15
Q

Derived from thymus

A

T-cells

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16
Q

Structured to recognize, respond to, and destroy a wide variety of invading organism that would otherwise be capable of promoting infections, harmful to the body

A

Immune system

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17
Q

Physiological mechanism that endow the animal with the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissues

A

Immunity

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18
Q

Natural immunity also knkwn as

A

Innate immunity or nonspecific immunity

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19
Q

Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions

A

Natural immunity

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20
Q

Example of natural immunity

A

Skin, stomach, polymorphonuclear

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21
Q

Type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent.

A

Acquired immunity

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22
Q

Acquired immunity also known as

A

Adaptive immunity or specific immunity

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23
Q

Has memory cells

A

Acquired immunity

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24
Q

Lacks memory

A

Natural immunity

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25
Q

Has standardized response to all antigen

A

Natural immunity

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26
Q

Has diverse response

A

Acquired immunity

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27
Q

Two defense system of natural immunity

A
  • external defense system
  • internal defense system
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28
Q

2nd line defense

A

Internal defense system

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29
Q

Composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body

A

External defense system

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30
Q

1st like defense

A

External defense system

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31
Q

The most important function in the internal defense system

A

Phagocytosis

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32
Q

Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organism

A

Internal defense system

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33
Q

Complement pathway also kniwn as

A

Classical pathway

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34
Q

How many proteins does complement pathway have?

A

9 proteins

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35
Q

What are the phagocytosis cells

A

Monocytes Neutrophil Macrophages

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36
Q

Kills cancer or tumor cells

A

LAK or lymphokine-activated killer cells

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37
Q

Cellular component of natural immunity

A
  • phagocytes
  • NK cells
  • lymphokine-activated killer cells
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38
Q

Humoral component of the natural immunity

A
  • cytokines
  • complement patyway
  • lysozymes
  • antimicrobial substances
  • betalysin
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39
Q

Receptors known as _______ help make neutrophils sticky and enhance adherence to endothelial cells

A

Selectins

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40
Q

Second stage neutrophil forms _______ which squeeze through junction of endothelial cells

A

Pseudopods

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41
Q

Chemical messenger that causes migration of cells

A

Chemotaxis

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42
Q

Process of diapedesis begins with_____

A

Margination and adherence

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43
Q

Process where toxic substances are released

A
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44
Q

Reddish orange granules

A

Eosinophils

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45
Q

Process where toxic substances are released by the cell are the ones killing the microorganisms

A

ADCC - Antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity

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46
Q

Less than 1% of WBC

A

Basophils

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47
Q

1-3% of WBC

A

Eosinophils

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48
Q

Largest WBC constitutes in peripheral blood ; 4-10% of WBC

A

Monocytes

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49
Q

50-70% WBC

A

Neutrophils

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50
Q

Bluish purple contain histamine

A

Basophils

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51
Q

Can be found on connective tissue

A

Mast cells

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52
Q

Involved in immediate hypersensitivity reaction

A

Basophils

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53
Q

Involves in allergy reaction

A

Mast cells

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54
Q

Possesses grayish blue cytoplasm

A

Monocytes

55
Q

Released to bloodstreambfor 70 hours

A

Monocyte

56
Q

Larger version of monocytes on tissues

A

Macrophages

57
Q

There is increase in the number of ER, lysosokes and mitochondria

A

Macrophages

58
Q

Its function is to phagocytosed antigen and present it to T-helper cells

A

Dendritic cells

59
Q

Protein discovered in the fruit fly Drosophilia

A

Pattern Recognition Receptor - PRR

60
Q

Engulfment of cells and particulate matter by leukocyte, macrophage and other cells

A

Phagocytosis

61
Q

Cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical susbtances

A

Chemotaxis

62
Q

2 types of chemotaxis

A

Positive chemotaxis
Negative chemotaxis

63
Q

Away from the stimulus

A

Negative chemotaxis

64
Q

Towards the stimulus

A

Positive chemotaxis

65
Q

Opsonization come fron a greej word which means

A

To prepare for eating

66
Q

Coating of antibody or complement to facilitate phagocytosis

A

Opsonization

67
Q

Serum proteins that attach to a foreign substance and help prepare it for phagocytosis

A

Opsonins

68
Q

Example of opsonins

A

C3b, fibronectin, immunoglobulins

69
Q

Via opsonin receptors that recognize opsonins such as IgG, CRP, and C3b bound to microorganisms

A

Indirect

70
Q

Via pattern recognition receptors or TLR that recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms

A

Direct

71
Q

Occurs when the cytoplasmic pseudopods enclosed tge particle within a vacuole

A

Oxygen dependent

72
Q

Respiratory burst happens in the

A

2nd stage of phagocytosis

73
Q

Production of nitric oxide from oxidation of L-arginine by NO synthase which is produced by IFN gamma activated cells

A

Oxygen independent

74
Q

Induced when the phagocytix cell comes in contact with a microorganisms

A

Nitric oxide

75
Q

Soluble, highly labile, free radical gas that is capable of operating against organism that invade the cytosol

A

Nitric oxide

76
Q

The overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent

A

Inflammation

77
Q

First inflammatory response

A

Vasodilation

78
Q

First hemostatic response

A

Vasoconstriction

79
Q

What are the 5 cardinal of inflammation

A

Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Tumor - swelling
Dolor - pain
Functio - loss of function

80
Q

They are produced primarily by hepatocytes within 12-24 gours in response to an increase in certain intracellular signaling polypeptides called cytokines

A

Acute phase reactants

81
Q

Most important APR (acute phase reactants)

A
  • C-reactige protein
  • serym amyloid A
82
Q

Were originally named because they literally interfere with viral replication prodess in an infected cell

A

Interferon

83
Q

Primarily produced by mononuclear

A

IFN-a or interferon-alpha

84
Q

Primarily produce by fibroblast

A

Interferon beta

85
Q

Can directly trigger apoptotic death of some tumor cells through a receptor-mediated mechanism

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor

86
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha is also known as

A

Cachectin

87
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor beta also knoen as

A

Lymphotoxin

88
Q

Complex series of more than30 soluble and cell bound proteins that interact in a very specific way to enhance host defense mechanism against foreign cells

A

Complement pathway

89
Q

Who gave a termed complement?

A

Paul Ehrlich

90
Q

Was awarded a Noble Prize for elucidating the nature of complement

A

Jules Bordet

91
Q

Leads to inflammation and tissue damage

A

Chronic activation

92
Q

Favtor that is Made in adipose tissue

A

Factor D

93
Q

Classical pathway is considered as

A

Antibody dependent pathway

94
Q

Properdin system

A

Independent pathway

95
Q

3rd line defense

A

Adaptive immunity

96
Q

Acquired immunity or specific immunity

A

Adaptive immunity

97
Q

Cellular components of adaptive immunity

A

T cells
B cells
Plasma cwlls
Memory B cells

98
Q

Humoral components of adaptive immunity

A

Lymphokinase
Antibodies

99
Q

Actively involved in producing antibodies

A

Active immunity

100
Q

Provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system

A

Passive immunity

101
Q

The body produced antibodies

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

102
Q

Takes infectious agent and alters it to become harmless. This type of vaccine is not applicable to people that are immunocompromised

A

Attenuated vaccine

103
Q

Produces by killing the organism. Suitable for young and older people

A

Inactivated vaccine

104
Q

Chemically modified toxins from a pathogenic microorganisms which is no longer toxic but still immunogenic

A

Toxoid

105
Q

Example of naturally acquired passve immunity

A

Placental transfer of IgG, breastfeeding

106
Q

Protection acquired by giving a person an injection or transfusion of antibodies nade by someoje else

A

Artifically acquired passive immunity

107
Q

Example of artificially acquired passige immunity

A

Rabies vaccine

108
Q

Innate immunity:
Mechanisms involved are nonspecific

A

Adaptive immunity:
Reinforcement

109
Q

Innate immunity:
Mechanisms that preexist the invasion of foreign agents

A

Adaptive immunity:
Inducibility

110
Q

Innate immunity:
Components are preformed

A

Adaptive immunity:
Specificity

111
Q

Inactivated polio vaccine

A

Salk

112
Q

Oral polio vaccine

A

Sabin

113
Q

Causative agent of cervical cancer

A

Papilloma virus

114
Q

Chemical messenger that causes migration of cells

A

Chemotaxis

115
Q

Chemical messenger that attracts neutrophil in a particular direction

A

Chemotaxins

116
Q

Secretion

A

Sweat gland - lactic acid
Sebaceous gland - fatty acid
Tears and saliva- beta lysine
Acidity of stomach - hydrochloric acid

117
Q

Granules that can kill parasites

A

Major basic protein

118
Q

Basophil granules contain

A

Histamine, heparin, eosinophil chemotactic factor

119
Q

Involves in allergy reaction

A

Eosinophil and mast cell

120
Q

Mast cell life span

A

9-18 months

121
Q

Best antigen presenting cell

A

Dendritic cell

122
Q

Most potent phagocytic cell in the tissues

A

Dendritic cell

123
Q

Bind and hydrolyzes ATP

A

Nucleotide binding site and leucine rich repeat

124
Q

Provide surveillance

A

Pattern recognition receptors

125
Q

Cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical substances

A

Chemotaxis

126
Q

Example of complement proteins

A

C5a, C5b, C6, C7

127
Q

Example of opsonins

A

C3b, C4b, C5b, fibronectin, leukotrienes, immunoglobulins

128
Q

Steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Attachment, adhesion, initiation
  2. Formation of phagosome
  3. Formation of phagolysosome
  4. Digestion and release
129
Q

Tissue damage cause release of _______ and ________ that trigger a local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability

A

Vasoactive
Chemotactic factors

130
Q

Example of toxoid vaccine

A

Diphtheria toxoid vax, tetanus toxoid vax, botulinum toxoid

131
Q

Major mediator of the innate defense against gram negative bacteria

A

Tumor necrosis factor

132
Q

Given to pregnant women that experiencing hemolytic disease of newborn

A

RH immuneglobulin

133
Q

RH neg

A

Mother

134
Q

RH positive

A

Fetus

IMSE LEC PRELIM (5 decks)

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