Intro to Immunity and vaccines Flashcards
Exam 1
What is inflammation?
Occurs with cell injury
Protective mechanism that begins healing process- destroy invading and harmful agents, limits the spread of harmful agents, prepare damaged tissue for repair
What suffix is commonly used to describe conditions with inflammation?
“-itis”
What are localized signs of inflammation?
Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
What are causes of inflammation?
Exogenous (surgery, trauma)
Endogenous (tissue ischemia)
What are the two types of inflammation?
Acute (lasts < 2 weeks) and chronic
Describe the events of inflammation.
Tissue injury or bacterial antigens
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Leukocyte recruitment and emigration
Phagocytosis of antigens and debris
What is chemotaxis?
Process by which neutrophils are attracted to inflamed tissue
What is exudate?
Fluid that leaks out of blood vessels, neutrophils, and debris
What are the four inflammatory exudates?
Serous, serosanguineous, purulent, and hemorrhagic
Describe serous exudate.
Watery, low protein, mild inflammation
Describe serosanguineous exudate.
Pink-tinged fluid, small amount of RBC
Describe purulent exudate.
Severe inflammation with bacterial infection, neutrophils, protein, and debris
Describe hemorrhagic exudate.
Lots of RBCs, most severe inflammation
Describe systemic manifestations of systemic inflammation.
Cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNFa lead to:
Fever
Increased neutrophils
Lethargy
Muscle catabolism (breakdown)
Describe the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
Cluster of genes on chromosome 6 (name tag)
AKA human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex
Proteins are made by these genes are on cell surfaces- identify as self (2 major classes: MCH Class I and Class 2)
Describe specific adaptive immunity.
Recognize foreign invaders
Destroys foreign invaders
Retaining memory of invaders (adaptive) using B-cells and T-cells
MHC- proteins used to discriminate between self and non-self
Describe B-cells (humoral)
White blood cells (lymphocytes)
Body fluids
Capable of recognizing foreign substances and remembering. Not to react to self tissue
Plasma cells- cells that secrete antibodies
Describe T-cells (cell-mediated)
White blood cell (lymphocyte)
Antigen on surface of cells
Capable of recognizing foreign substances and remembering. Not to react to self tissue
What are antibodies also known as?
Immunoglobulins
What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE
Describe IgG antibodies.
Most common, 75-80%, protects against bacterial and viral infections
(previous infection or vaccination)
Describe IgM antibodies
10% activates compliment for cytotoxic functions (early, recent infections)
Describe IgA antibodies.
Secretory functions, protects against infections
Describe IgD antibodies.
Trace amounts in serum, more on B-cells, stimulates B cells to multiply and differentiate
Describe IgE antibodies.
Role in immunity against parasites and allergic reactions, signaling of mast cell degranulation
What type of immunity are passive and active immunity?
Adaptive immunity
Describe passive immunity.
Transfer of plasma containing antibodies from an immunized person to non-immunized person
Mother to fetus
Injection of antibodies
Describe active immunity.
Protected state due to body’s own immune response.
Active infection
Vaccines
What are mRNA vaccines?
Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines
What are traditional vaccines?
Inactive or killed organisms
What are attenuated vaccines?
Weakened organisms (still considered live vaccines)
People who have a weakened immune system/underlying medical conditions that put them at risk for flu complications should not be exposed
What are toxoid vaccines?
Inactivated toxins that stimulate production of antitoxin
(ex: tetanus)
What are conjugate vaccines?
Protein or toxoid from one organism attached to a disease-causing organism to stimulate response
