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NUR 325 > Intro to Immunity and vaccines > Flashcards

Intro to Immunity and vaccines Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Occurs with cell injury
Protective mechanism that begins healing process- destroy invading and harmful agents, limits the spread of harmful agents, prepare damaged tissue for repair

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2
Q

What suffix is commonly used to describe conditions with inflammation?

A

“-itis”

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3
Q

What are localized signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function

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4
Q

What are causes of inflammation?

A

Exogenous (surgery, trauma)
Endogenous (tissue ischemia)

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5
Q

What are the two types of inflammation?

A

Acute (lasts < 2 weeks) and chronic

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6
Q

Describe the events of inflammation.

A

Tissue injury or bacterial antigens
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Leukocyte recruitment and emigration
Phagocytosis of antigens and debris

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7
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Process by which neutrophils are attracted to inflamed tissue

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8
Q

What is exudate?

A

Fluid that leaks out of blood vessels, neutrophils, and debris

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9
Q

What are the four inflammatory exudates?

A

Serous, serosanguineous, purulent, and hemorrhagic

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10
Q

Describe serous exudate.

A

Watery, low protein, mild inflammation

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11
Q

Describe serosanguineous exudate.

A

Pink-tinged fluid, small amount of RBC

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12
Q

Describe purulent exudate.

A

Severe inflammation with bacterial infection, neutrophils, protein, and debris

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13
Q

Describe hemorrhagic exudate.

A

Lots of RBCs, most severe inflammation

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14
Q

Describe systemic manifestations of systemic inflammation.

A

Cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNFa lead to:
Fever
Increased neutrophils
Lethargy
Muscle catabolism (breakdown)

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15
Q

Describe the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

A

Cluster of genes on chromosome 6 (name tag)
AKA human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex
Proteins are made by these genes are on cell surfaces- identify as self (2 major classes: MCH Class I and Class 2)

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16
Q

Describe specific adaptive immunity.

A

Recognize foreign invaders
Destroys foreign invaders
Retaining memory of invaders (adaptive) using B-cells and T-cells
MHC- proteins used to discriminate between self and non-self

17
Q

Describe B-cells (humoral)

A

White blood cells (lymphocytes)
Body fluids
Capable of recognizing foreign substances and remembering. Not to react to self tissue
Plasma cells- cells that secrete antibodies

18
Q

Describe T-cells (cell-mediated)

A

White blood cell (lymphocyte)
Antigen on surface of cells
Capable of recognizing foreign substances and remembering. Not to react to self tissue

19
Q

What are antibodies also known as?

A

Immunoglobulins

20
Q

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE

21
Q

Describe IgG antibodies.

A

Most common, 75-80%, protects against bacterial and viral infections
(previous infection or vaccination)

22
Q

Describe IgM antibodies

A

10% activates compliment for cytotoxic functions (early, recent infections)

23
Q

Describe IgA antibodies.

A

Secretory functions, protects against infections

24
Q

Describe IgD antibodies.

A

Trace amounts in serum, more on B-cells, stimulates B cells to multiply and differentiate

25
Q

Describe IgE antibodies.

A

Role in immunity against parasites and allergic reactions, signaling of mast cell degranulation

26
Q

What type of immunity are passive and active immunity?

A

Adaptive immunity

27
Q

Describe passive immunity.

A

Transfer of plasma containing antibodies from an immunized person to non-immunized person
Mother to fetus
Injection of antibodies

28
Q

Describe active immunity.

A

Protected state due to body’s own immune response.
Active infection
Vaccines

29
Q

What are mRNA vaccines?

A

Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines

30
Q

What are traditional vaccines?

A

Inactive or killed organisms

31
Q

What are attenuated vaccines?

A

Weakened organisms (still considered live vaccines)
People who have a weakened immune system/underlying medical conditions that put them at risk for flu complications should not be exposed

32
Q

What are toxoid vaccines?

A

Inactivated toxins that stimulate production of antitoxin
(ex: tetanus)

33
Q

What are conjugate vaccines?

A

Protein or toxoid from one organism attached to a disease-causing organism to stimulate response

NUR 325 (7 decks)

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