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IDIT Exam 1 > Intro to Host Defense > Flashcards

Intro to Host Defense Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of innate immunity?

A

Pre-formed Non-specific No Memory Does not improve over time

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of innate immunity?

A

Barriers Cells Antimicrobial Peptides and complement

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3
Q

What are the 5 cells of innate defense?

A

Neutrophils Monocytes Macrophages Dendritic Cells (DC) Natural Killer Cells (NKC)

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4
Q

Which cells of the innate defense are non-phagocytic?

A

Natural Killer Cells

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A

Slow Onset Highly effective once active Highly specific Memory Improves over time

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6
Q

What are the two components of adaptive immunity?

A

B lymphocytes T lymphocytes

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7
Q

Where do B lymphocytes differentiate?

A

The bone marrow

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8
Q

What do B cells produce?

A

Antibodies or immunoglobulin

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9
Q

Where do T cells differentiate?

A

In the thymus

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10
Q

What do T cells produce?

A

Cytokines of interleukin

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11
Q

What does lysozyme degrade?

A

Peptidoglycans

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12
Q

How does skin secrete lysozyme?

A

Through the sweat glands

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13
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Differentiated forms of monocytes present in the tissues

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14
Q

What is this cell?

A

A Neutrophil

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15
Q

What is this cell?

A

A monocyte

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16
Q


What is a DC capable of?

A

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

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17
Q

What do DCs and macrophages present on their cell surface?

A

A unique protein antigen called a CD14

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18
Q

Are DC’s the most efficient antigen presenting cells?

A

Why yes they are.

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19
Q

How do macrophages and DC’s participate in innate immunity once they phagocytose a microbe?

A

They destroy the microbes and secrete cytokines

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20
Q

How do macrophages and DC’s participate in acquired immunity after phagocytosing a microbe?

A

They present antigens to CD4-positive helper T cells

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21
Q

What fuses during intracellular killing of phagocytosed microbes?

A

The phagosome containing the microbe with the lysosome

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22
Q

What is generated as a result of intracellular killing of phagocytosed microbes?

A

Reactive nitroge intermediates

Antimicrobial peptides

Reactive oxygen intermediates

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23
Q

What does lactoferrin do?

A

Sequesters iron

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24
Q

What are defensins?

A

Cationic peptides

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25
Q

What are alpha-defensins produced by?

A

Neutrophils and Paneth cells of the stomach

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26
Q

What produces beta-defensins?

A

Epithelial cells in the respiratory tract

27
Q

What are some antimicrobial peptides?

A

Defensins

Lysozyme

Lactoferrin

28
Q

The presence of what 3 things can activate complement?

A

Infection with gram neg bacteria causing release of LPS

Infection with fungal or gram pos bacteria causing release of mannose

Ag-Ab reactions

29
Q

What components are required for the classical pathway of complement activation?

A

Ag-Ab complex + C1, C4 and C2 complex

30
Q

What components are required for the alternative pathway for complement activation to start?

A

Microorganisms’ cell wall polysaccharides + Factor B, Factor D and Factor P

31
Q

What do the classical pathway and alternative pathway bring in once started?

A

C3 which starts the formation of the MAC complex, causes inflammation as well as opsonization?

32
Q

What for of C3 causes opsonization?

A

C3b

33
Q

What do C3a and C5a cause?

A

Inflammation

34
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Coating of the bacterial surface which enhances phagocytosis

35
Q

What components form the MAC complex?

A

C3b

C5b

C6

C7

C8

C9

36
Q

How does the MAC complex result in cell lyses?

A

It inserts itself into the target cell membrane and creates a hole

37
Q

What do NK cells attack and how?

A

They attack virus-infected body cells by causing the cells to burst by releasing perforin and granulysin

38
Q

What induces NK cells to lyse target cells?

A

The down regulation of MHC class I

39
Q

What does TLR4 recognize?

A

LPS

40
Q

What does TLR2 recognize?

A

Peptidoglycan

41
Q

What 3 steps happen in T cell response?

A

Antigen recognition

Activation

Response

42
Q

What do antigens contain?

A

One or more antigenic determinants also known as epitopes

43
Q

How are haptens different from epitopes?

A

They are too small to start an inflammatory response

44
Q

What do all T lymphocytes express?

A

The CD3 antigen

45
Q

In addition to CD3 what doe Cytotoxic T cells express?

A

CD 8

46
Q

In addition to CD3 what do Helper T cell express?

A

CD 4

47
Q

What MHC complex do cytotoxic T cells recognize?

A

MHC I which is a closed ended structure that accomodates peptides of 8-9 amino acids

48
Q

What MHC complex do helper T cells recognize?

A

MHC II which is an open ended structure that accomodates peptides of 18-20 amino acids.

49
Q

What is IL-4-B

A

A cell growth factor

50
Q

What is IL-5-B?

A

A cell differentiation factor

51
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A

IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD

52
Q

What is IgM?

A

A pentamer

53
Q

What can IgG travel through?

A

The placenta

54
Q

What does IgE participate in

A

Allergic reactions

55
Q

What is IgA secreted in?

A

Tears and colostrum

56
Q

What is IgD?

A

A B cell receptor

57
Q

What is LPS considered?

A

A T-cell independent antigen

58
Q

How do B cells respond to T-cell independent antigens?

A

They differentiate into plasma cells which releases the IgM antibody

59
Q

What are T cell dependent antigens?

A

Proteins

60
Q

How do B cells respond to T-cell dependent antigens?

A

They go through class switching

61
Q

Where is IgG derived from in perinatal development?

A

The mother

62
Q

Where is IgA derived from in the infant stage?

A

Mother’s milk

63
Q

Do newborns respond well to proteins antigens?

A

Yes

64
Q

Do elderly people have weak or strong immune systems?

A

Weak with weak tolerance to self antigens

IDIT Exam 1 (10 decks)

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