Hematopoiesis

Question 1

What is hematocrit?

Answer 1

The percentage of RBC’s out of the total blood volume

Question 2

What percent of blood plasma is water?

Answer 2

90%

Question 3

What does albumin do?

Answer 3

Regulates osmotic pressure

Question 4

What do clotting proteins do?

Answer 4

Help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

Question 5

What substances make up the formed elements?

Answer 5

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

Question 6

When are hemocytoblasts first observed?

Answer 6

In the yolk sac

Question 7

At what point in development are stem cells seen in the liver and spleen?

Answer 7

3-7 months

Question 8

At what point in development are stem cells seen in bone marrow?

Answer 8

7 months onward

Question 9

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 9

Red bone marrow of axial skeleton and girdles and epiphyses of the humerus and femur

Question 10

If you discount water content how much of erythrocytes is hemoglobin?

Answer 10

97%

Question 11

Do erythrocytes consume the oxygen they transport?

Answer 11

No, because ATP is generated anaerobically

Question 12

What does too few RBC’s lead to?

Answer 12

Tissue hypoxia

Question 13

What does too many RBC’s lead too?

Answer 13

Undesirable blood viscosity

Question 14

What is erythropoiesis controlled by?

Answer 14

Iron
Amino Acids
B Vitamins
Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 15

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

Answer 15

100-120 days

Question 16

What happens to old erythrocytes?

Answer 16

They become rigid and fragile, and their hemoglobin begins to degenerate

Question 17

How do leukocytes leave capillaries?

Answer 17

Via diapedesis

Question 18

What are some examples of granulocytes?

Answer 18

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 19

What are some common characteristics of granulocytes?

Answer 19

Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain with Wright’s stain
Larger and shorter lived than RBC’s
Lobed nuclei

Question 20

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 20

Slay Bacteria

Question 21

What types of dyes do neutrophils take up?

Answer 21

Both acidic and basic which give the cytoplasm a lilac color

Question 22

What are the primary granules of neutrophils?

Answer 22

Azurophillic granules which contain lyzozyme, alpha-defensins and myeloperoxidase

Question 23

What do the secondary granules of neutrophils contain?

Answer 23

Lactoferrin

Question 24

What does myeloperoxidase do?

Answer 24

Catalyzes the reaction leading to production of hypochlorous acid and singlet oxygen.

Question 25

What percent of WBC's are eosinophils?

Answer 25

1-3%

Question 26

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 26

Parasitic worms | Phagocytize immune complexes

Question 27

What are some characteristics of eosinophils?

Answer 27

Red-staining, bilobed nuclei | Red to crimson lysosome-like granules

Question 28

What percent of WBC's are basophils?

Answer 28

0-1%

Question 29

How are the basophil nuclei shaped?

Answer 29

U or S shaped nuclei

Question 30

Describe the granules of basophils?

Answer 30

Large, purplish black | Contain histamine

Question 31

What does histamine do?

Answer 31

Inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs

Question 32

What type of receptors do basophils have?

Answer 32

IgE receptors

Question 33

Describe agranulocytes?

Answer 33

Include lymphocytes and monocytes Lack visible granules Structurally similar but functionally distinct

Question 34

What shape do lymphocyte nuclei have?

Answer 34

Spherical

Question 35

What shape do monocyte nuclei have?

Answer 35

Kidney-shaped

Question 36

What percent of leukocytes are monocytes?

Answer 36

4-6%

Question 37

Describe monocytes.

Answer 37

Largest leukocytes Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm Purple staining, U or kidney shaped nuclei

Question 38

What happens when monocytes leave circulation?

Answer 38

They enter tissue and differentiate into macrophages

Question 39

Describe macrophages.

Answer 39

Highly mobile and actively phagocytic | Activate lymphocytes

Question 40

What percent of WBC's are lymphocytes?

Answer 40

25-35%

Question 41

What shape do lymphocyte nuclei have?

Answer 41

Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm

Question 42

Where are lymphocytes usually found?

Answer 42

Enmeshed in lymphoid tissue

Question 43

Where do T lymphocytes come from?

Answer 43

Pro-thymocytes migrate to the thymus to differentiate into T lymphocytes