Intro to Histology Flashcards
Label the organelles from the diagram
Endoplasmic Retriculum?
Extensive membranesystem within the cell; may be rough with associated ribosomes or smooth. Modification and folding of proteins synthesised on ribosomes (RER) and synthesis of some lipids (SER).
Golgi apparatus?
Membrane bound saccules typically located close to the nucleus. Stacks of membrane-bound cisternae. Final assembly and glycosylation of proteins and dispatch to their ultimate destination.
Nucleus?
Double membrane-bound large structure containing chromatin. Chromosomes (DNA) contain the genetic information for every protein in the body.
Transport vesicles?
Membrane bound vesicle often with a protein coat e.g. COP I or clathrin. Transport materials betweendifferent cell compartments and to the plasma membrane for export.
Lysosomes?
Membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes. Killing of pathogenic organisms (in phagocytic cells) and degradation of waste products.
Ribosomes?
Small structures free in the cytoplasm or bound to endoplasmic reticulum. Consist of two subunits of ribosomal RNA. Protein synthesis - formation of peptide bonds, between amino acids to make polypeptide chains using the mRNA as a template.
Centrioles?
In animals, and sometimes plants
Cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin. Has a 9:2 arrangement.
Produces cilia during interphase and the aster and spindle fibers during mitosis
Cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Maintain cells shape and orientation, cell movement, movement of organelles around the cell, movement of chromosomes during cell division.
Microvilli?
Microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume, and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion
Junctions?
Link cells to each other in tissues, and regulate tissue homeostasis in critical cell processes that include tissue barrier function, cell proliferation, and migration
Pseudopodia extensions?
Extensions of the plasma membrane, formed by actin polarisation. They are commonly seen in phagocytes, such as macrophages.
Nuclear envelope?
Double lipid bilayer with nuclear pore complexes. Separates and mediates transports between nucleus and cytoplasm. Has nuclear pores.
Nucleolus?
Dense non-membrane bound structure in the nucleus. Ribosomal RNA synthesis and. ribosome assembly.
Mitochondria?
Double membrane-bound organelles with folded inner membrane. Main function in aerobic cells is oxidative phosphorylation and the production of energy through synthesis of ATP.
Plasma membrane?
Lipid bilayer containing intrinsic proteins and with an external coat of carbohydrates. Divides cell from external environment and mediates interactions with external environment.
Phagosomes/endosomes?
Membrane-bound vesicles containing material imported into the cell. Phagocytosis/endocytosis and transport of cargo to intracellular destination e.g. lysosome
Perioxisomes?
Membrane-bound vesicles containing oxidases and catalase. Production of hydrogen peroxide for killing pathogens, detoxification of certain toxic materials, beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids, synthesis of bile acids (in the liver).
Lipid droplets?
Non-membrane spherical aggregates of lipid of variable size. Energy storage.
Glucogen granules?
Non-membrane granules and aggregates of granules (rosettes). Energy storage
Lipofuscin?
Brown pigment in cytoplasm. Waste product.
Melanin/
Brown pigment in cytoplasm. Skin pigmentation
Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes associated with rough ER and also on free ribosomes. What are the destinations of proteins synthesised by rER associated ribosomes?
Golgi apparatus
The nucleus of a cell is a heterogeneous structure containing chromosomal DNA in either active or inactive forms.
What are the precise terms for active and inactive chromatin, and how do these chromatin structures differ in appearance?
Inactive = heterochromatin
Active = euchromatin
What are the basic categories of the following tissues or cells?
Complete the table with either Epithelial, Connective, Muscle or Nervous tissue
identify from the following images each of the four basic tissue types? Epithelium, muscle, nervous and connective
Histological analysis of biopsy specimens is often used in diagnosing disease. Name a disease where histology is used in routine screening of the population.
Cancer
Why is histology important to biomedical science?
Can image cells and their interactiona
Biposies and visualisation of cells
In research laboratories cells are often cultured during investigations. How do cell lines differ from primary cells? Which of these are easiest to maintain?
Primary cells are taken directly from a patient.
A cell line is made artificially - transformed into a cell.
Cell lines easiest to maintain as primary cells have not be modified so only have a finite number of cell divisions before they stop growing, unlike cell lines
What are the advantages of using cell lines in research?
Cell lines have an infinite lifespan and cell divisions so can be maintained and used for a long time.
