Intro to Histology

Question 1

Label the organelles from the diagram

Answer 1

Question 2

Endoplasmic Retriculum?

Answer 2

Extensive membranesystem within the cell; may be rough with associated ribosomes or smooth. Modification and folding of proteins synthesised on ribosomes (RER) and synthesis of some lipids (SER).

Question 3

Golgi apparatus?

Answer 3

Membrane bound saccules typically located close to the nucleus. Stacks of membrane-bound cisternae. Final assembly and glycosylation of proteins and dispatch to their ultimate destination.

Question 4

Nucleus?

Answer 4

Double membrane-bound large structure containing chromatin. Chromosomes (DNA) contain the genetic information for every protein in the body.

Question 5

Transport vesicles?

Answer 5

Membrane bound vesicle often with a protein coat e.g. COP I or clathrin. Transport materials betweendifferent cell compartments and to the plasma membrane for export.

Question 6

Lysosomes?

Answer 6

Membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes. Killing of pathogenic organisms (in phagocytic cells) and degradation of waste products.

Question 7

Ribosomes?

Answer 7

Small structures free in the cytoplasm or bound to endoplasmic reticulum. Consist of two subunits of ribosomal RNA. Protein synthesis - formation of peptide bonds, between amino acids to make polypeptide chains using the mRNA as a template.

Question 8

Centrioles?

Answer 8

In animals, and sometimes plants
Cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin. Has a 9:2 arrangement.
Produces cilia during interphase and the aster and spindle fibers during mitosis

Question 9

Cytoskeleton?

Answer 9

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Maintain cells shape and orientation, cell movement, movement of organelles around the cell, movement of chromosomes during cell division.

Question 10

Microvilli?

Answer 10

Microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume, and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion

Question 11

Junctions?

Answer 11

Link cells to each other in tissues, and regulate tissue homeostasis in critical cell processes that include tissue barrier function, cell proliferation, and migration

Question 12

Pseudopodia extensions?

Answer 12

Extensions of the plasma membrane, formed by actin polarisation. They are commonly seen in phagocytes, such as macrophages.

Question 13

Nuclear envelope?

Answer 13

Double lipid bilayer with nuclear pore complexes. Separates and mediates transports between nucleus and cytoplasm. Has nuclear pores.

Question 14

Nucleolus?

Answer 14

Dense non-membrane bound structure in the nucleus. Ribosomal RNA synthesis and. ribosome assembly.

Question 15

Mitochondria?

Answer 15

Double membrane-bound organelles with folded inner membrane. Main function in aerobic cells is oxidative phosphorylation and the production of energy through synthesis of ATP.

Question 16

Plasma membrane?

Answer 16

Lipid bilayer containing intrinsic proteins and with an external coat of carbohydrates. Divides cell from external environment and mediates interactions with external environment.

Question 17

Phagosomes/endosomes?

Answer 17

Membrane-bound vesicles containing material imported into the cell. Phagocytosis/endocytosis and transport of cargo to intracellular destination e.g. lysosome

Question 18

Perioxisomes?

Answer 18

Membrane-bound vesicles containing oxidases and catalase. Production of hydrogen peroxide for killing pathogens, detoxification of certain toxic materials, beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids, synthesis of bile acids (in the liver).

Question 19

Lipid droplets?

Answer 19

Non-membrane spherical aggregates of lipid of variable size. Energy storage.

Question 20

Glucogen granules?

Answer 20

Non-membrane granules and aggregates of granules (rosettes). Energy storage

Question 21

Lipofuscin?

Answer 21

Brown pigment in cytoplasm. Waste product.

Question 22

Melanin/

Answer 22

Brown pigment in cytoplasm. Skin pigmentation

Question 23

Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes associated with rough ER and also on free ribosomes. What are the destinations of proteins synthesised by rER associated ribosomes?

Answer 23

Golgi apparatus

Question 24

The nucleus of a cell is a heterogeneous structure containing chromosomal DNA in either active or inactive forms.

What are the precise terms for active and inactive chromatin, and how do these chromatin structures differ in appearance?

Answer 24

Inactive = heterochromatin
Active = euchromatin

Question 25

What are the basic categories of the following tissues or cells?
Complete the table with either Epithelial, Connective, Muscle or Nervous tissue

Answer 25

Question 26

identify from the following images each of the four basic tissue types? Epithelium, muscle, nervous and connective

Answer 26

Question 27

Histological analysis of biopsy specimens is often used in diagnosing disease. Name a disease where histology is used in routine screening of the population.

Answer 27

Cancer

Question 28

Why is histology important to biomedical science?

Answer 28

Can image cells and their interactiona
Biposies and visualisation of cells

Question 29

In research laboratories cells are often cultured during investigations. How do cell lines differ from primary cells? Which of these are easiest to maintain?

Answer 29

Primary cells are taken directly from a patient.
A cell line is made artificially - transformed into a cell.
Cell lines easiest to maintain as primary cells have not be modified so only have a finite number of cell divisions before they stop growing, unlike cell lines

Question 30

What are the advantages of using cell lines in research?

Answer 30

Cell lines have an infinite lifespan and cell divisions so can be maintained and used for a long time.