intro to haematology Flashcards
what makes up the plasma ?
clotting factors
albumin
antibodies
what makes up the Buffy coat ?
platelets
white cells
what are the functions of blood ?
transport - gas, nutrients, waste, messages
maintenance of vascular integrity - prevent leaks and blockage
protection from pathogens - Ab, phagocytosis
what are the myeloid cells ?
erythrocytes platelets (megakaryocyte) neutrophils monocytes basophils eosinophils
what are the stages of red cell differentiation ?
erythroblast - reticulocyte - erythrocyte
erythropoietin produces more, made in kidneys in response to hypoxia
reticulocyte count is a measure of red cell production
what are the consequences of anaemia ?
poor gas transfer
dyspnoea
fatigue
what causes decreased production of RBCs ?
deficiency of iron, folate, B12
congenital - thalassaemia
what causes increased loss of RBC ?
bleeding
haemolysis
what does microcytic, hypo chromic red cells indicate ?
iron deficiency
what does microcytic red cells indicate ?
folate deficiency
what do Burr cells indicate ?
renal failure
how are platelets produced ?
produced in liver
regulated by thrombopoietin and platelet mass feedback
agonists romiplostim, eltrombopag used therapeutically
lifespan 7 days
when do you see thrombocytosis ?
myeloid malignancies
reactive - in response to another disease
when do you see thrombocytopenia ?
marrow failure
immune destruction
when is platelet function altered ?
drugs
aspirin
clopidogrel
abciximab
what are the stages of neutrophil differentiation ?
- blast (acute myeloid leukaemia)
- promyelocyte
- myelocyte
- metamyelocyte
- neutrophil
regulated by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
when do you see neutrophilia ?
infection
inflammation
G-CSF used therapeutically
when do you seen neutropenia ?
decreased production - drugs, marrow failure
increased consumption - sepsis, autoimmune
altered function - chronic granulomatous disease
what is a monocyte ?
a macrophage or dendritic cell that is not in the tissue
ingests pathogens
when do you see lymphocytosis ?
infectious mononucleosis
pertussis
when do you see lymphopenia ?
post-viral
lymphoma
what are the different Abs ?
IgM - multimeric generated early on IgG - most common secodary response IgA - in mucosa IgE - parasites and allergy IgD - pish
what makes up a receptor chain gene ?
V
D
J
C-region
what are the different human leucocyte antigens (HLA) ?
class 1 - displays internal antigens on all nucleated cells class 2 - displays antigens eaten by professional antigen presenting cells
