Intro To Gross Anatomy (1) Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Ipsilateral
A
Same side
2
Q
Contra lateral
A
Same side
3
Q
Intermediate
A
Between two structures
4
Q
Parietal
A
Membrane or layer superficial to an organ
5
Q
Visceral
A
Pertains to a membrane or layer directly adhered to an organ
6
Q
Diaphragm
A
Anatomical landmark that separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity
7
Q
Circumduction
A
360
8
Q
What is one of the 8 characteristics of life?
A
Living things are organized
9
Q
four basic types of tissues
A
epithelial, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
10
Q
functions of epithelial tissues
A
covers surface of the body; lines body cavities, organs, and blood vessels; secretes enzymes, sweat and hormones if glandular epitheliem
11
Q
what does glandular epithelium do?
A
secrete sweat, enzymes, and hormones. Found in glands, ovaries, testes, and parts of the eye
12
Q
characteristics of epithelium
A
no blood supply, innervated, basement membrane between the epithelial tissues and connective tissue
13
Q
How does epithelium get nutrients?
A
connective tissues supplies nutrients via diffussion
14
Q
tight/occluding juncitons
A
impermeable junctions
15
Q
Desmosomes/adhering junctions
A
bind adjacent cells together like velcro, tension reducing network
16
Q
Gap Junctions/ communicating junctions
A
allow ions and small molecules to pass for intercellular communication
17
Q
Endothelium
A
it lines blood or lymph vessels. Inner lining of cornea
18
Q
Mesothelium
A
lines body cavaties
19
Q
location for Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
A
glands
20
Q
location for simply columnar epithelium
A
GI and respiratory tracts and parts of the uterus and glands
21
Q
Goblet cells
A
Located in simple columnar epithelium of digestive tract for example. secrete mucus
22
Q
what layer of the tear film is produced by goblet cells?
A
innermost layer, the mucous layer. produced in the conjunctiva
23
Q
exocrine gland
A
glandular epithelium. a gland whose secretion is drained by ducts onto the body surface or into a body cavity. examples are sebaceous glands (oil), sudoriferous glands (sweat), and mammart glands (milk)
24
Q
exocrine glands
A
glandular epithelium. “secrete outside”. unnicellular glands (goblet cells), multicellular glands.
25
Simple multicellular glands
exocrine gland having one duct leading from the secretory cells which does not branch
26
compound multicellular glands
exocrine glands having ducts which branch
27
How are exocrine glands classified by secretion?
mucus, serous, seromucous
28
How are exocrine glands classified?
number of cells, type of secretion, the way the gland releases its secretions.
29
merocrine glands
cells are NOT destroyed when the secretions are released with no loss of cellular material. Intact cellular components. Salivary gland
30
Apocrine glands
division of merocrine glands. cells are NOT destroyed when the secretions are released with bits of the cytoplasm. Mammary
31
Holocrine glands
the cells are ruptures and destroyed when the secretions are released. Oil gland
32
Types of connective tissue
bone, cartilage, dense regular connective tissue, blood, adipose
33
function of bone
support, protection of organs, muscle attachment, calcium storage, and blood cell production
34
function of cartilage
shock absorbers and flexibility
35
function of dense regular connective tissue
ligaments and tendons
36
function of blood
transportation of substances
37
function of adipose
protection, insulation, and energy reserve
38
characteristics of connective tissue
innervated (except cartilage), highly vascular (excpet cartilage and tendons), made up of cells, ground substance, and fibers
39
What connective tissue is not innervated?
cartilage
40
Which connective tissue is not vascular?
cartilage and tendons
41
-blast
to produce, to sprout. blast cells secrete matrix
42
mast cells
produce histamine near blood vessels
43
macrophages
WBC, phagocytosis
44
Plasma cells
antibodies
45
connective tissue fibers
embedded within the liquid, jelly like, or solid ground substance. found between the connective tissue cells.
46
ground substance
contains water and a diversity of various chemicals and large molecules into which cells and fibers of connective tissue are embedded. Hyaluronic acid (lubricates joint, maintains shape of eye), keratan sulfate (cartilage, cornea), plasma (free flowing in blood)
47
collagen
occur in bundles of tiny fibrils lying parallel to one another, found in most CT, especially bone, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
48
elsatic
branch and form a loose network, numerous in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue
49
reticular
branching networks, provide blood vessel wall support, form delicate network around fat cells, nerve fibers, skeletal and smooth muscle cells, form the stroma or supporting framework of certain organs like spleen and lymph nodes, and assist in forming the basement membrane
50
types of mature connective tissue
Loose connective tissue (areolar, reticular), Dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic), cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic), adipose, bone/osseous tissue, blood/vascular tissue
51
areolar CT
contains loose arrangments of colagen, elastic, and reticular fibers, contains many cell types, semifluid ground substance.
52
Where is areolar CT found?
subcutaneous layer of skin and mucous membranes, and cushioning around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs.
53
What id the function of areolar CT?
strength, elasticity, and support
54
reticular CT
contains reticular fibers in a delicate network
55
location of reticular CT
liver, spleen, lymph nodes, around skeletal and smooth muscle cells
56
Function of reticulat CT
interal supporting framework/stroma and binding tissue
57
adipose tissue
signet ring appearance
58
location of adipose tissue
subcutaneou layer of skin, around organs, yellow bone marrow of long bones, and behind eyeball
59
function of adipose tissue
insulates to decrease heat loss, energy reserve and protection
60
unilocular
one large droplet with the nucleus pushed to the side
61
brown adipose tissue
many fat droplets per adipocyte
62
location of brown adipose tissue
infants
63
function of brown adipose tissue
generates a lot of heat yo help maintain proper body temperature
64
Dense regular connective tissue
matrix looks shiny white, mainly is collagen fibers densely packed in bundles in a parallel arrangement.
65
location of Dense regular CT
tendons and ligaments
66
Function of dense regular CT
provides for strong attachments. Allows for a lot of pull in one direction
67
dense irregular CT
mainly is collagen fibers randomly arranged in bundles
68
location of irregular CT
dermis of skin, membranse around cartilage and bone, various organs' capsules, dura matter, and heart valves
69
funcrion of irregular CT
provides strength in variety of directions
70
elastic CT
mainly branching elastic fibers
71
location of elastic CT
lung tissue, walls of large/elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, and ligamenta flava
72
function of elastic CT
permits stretching
73
Hyaline cartilage
matrix consists of lacunae containg chondrocytes, fibrous network is collagen and elastic fibers, ground substance is shiny and rubber textured. weakest, most common
74
location of hyaline cartilage
end of long bones, embryonic skeleton, tip of nose, trachea, and bronchial tubes
75
function of hyaline cartilage
provies smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility, and provides support
76
fibrocartilage
matrix consists of lacunae containing chondrocytes, fibrous network us bundles of collagen fibers
77
location of fibrocartilage
areas supporting heaviest body weight. Knee joints, vertebral discs.
78
function of fibrocartilage
support
79
elastic cartilage
matrix consists of lacunae containing chondrocytes, fibrous network us a threadlike network of elastic fibers
80
location of elastic cartilage
epiglottis and auricle
81
function of elastic cartilage
flexible giving support and maintenance of shape
82
bone
hardest of CT because it contains Ca and phosphate as the ground substance and has a fibrous matrix of collagen
83
compact/dense bone
outside the bone
84
spongy bone
webby, surround red bone marrow with the epiphyses
85
shaft/diaphysis
contains yellow marrow of long bone
86
compact bone tissue/lamellar bone
osteon comprised of haversian canals, lamellae, lacunae, osteocyes, and canaliculi
87
lamellae
rings around the HC
88
lacunae
within the lamellae contain osteocytes
89
canaliculi
connect the lacunae to each other and to the HC
90
what connects the osteons?
perforating canals connect the osteons via the HC
91
Condyle
protruding mass with a smooth articular surface
92
head
projecting articular process attached to the rest of the bone by a narrow neck
93
facet
smooth flat suface
94
trochanter
large, blunt, irregular projection found only on the femur
95
bony landmarks that provide for attachment of muscles and ligaments
crest, tuberosity, tubercle, spine, process, protuberance, epicondyle, trochanter
96
bony landmarks that may provide passageways for blood vessels and nerves
fissure, foramen, fossa, meatus, sinus, sulcus/groove
97
blood/vascular tissue
liquid ground substance, after clotting a matrix forms, cells are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
98
functions of blood
transportation of oxygen, CO2, phagocytosis and involvement in immunity and allergic reaction, and blood clotting.
99
muscle tissue
skeletal/ body movement. movement of blood, food and wastes through organs and maintenance of posture.
100
smooth muscle
involuntary, not striated, hollows of organs and blood vessels. cells are thin spindle shaoed fibers. nuclei is single, centrally located
101
cardiac muscle
heart, striated, one or more centrally located nuclei, involuntary, branching short fibers, intercalated discs
102
skeletal muscle
usually attached to skeleton, movement, voluntary, large, long unbranched cylindrical fibers, multinucleated, striated
103
nerve tissue
communication
