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Opt Anatomy > Intro To Gross Anatomy (1) > Flashcards

Intro To Gross Anatomy (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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2
Q

Contra lateral

A

Same side

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3
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures

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4
Q

Parietal

A

Membrane or layer superficial to an organ

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5
Q

Visceral

A

Pertains to a membrane or layer directly adhered to an organ

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6
Q

Diaphragm

A

Anatomical landmark that separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity

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7
Q

Circumduction

A

360

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8
Q

What is one of the 8 characteristics of life?

A

Living things are organized

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9
Q

four basic types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

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10
Q

functions of epithelial tissues

A

covers surface of the body; lines body cavities, organs, and blood vessels; secretes enzymes, sweat and hormones if glandular epitheliem

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11
Q

what does glandular epithelium do?

A

secrete sweat, enzymes, and hormones. Found in glands, ovaries, testes, and parts of the eye

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12
Q

characteristics of epithelium

A

no blood supply, innervated, basement membrane between the epithelial tissues and connective tissue

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13
Q

How does epithelium get nutrients?

A

connective tissues supplies nutrients via diffussion

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14
Q

tight/occluding juncitons

A

impermeable junctions

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15
Q

Desmosomes/adhering junctions

A

bind adjacent cells together like velcro, tension reducing network

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16
Q

Gap Junctions/ communicating junctions

A

allow ions and small molecules to pass for intercellular communication

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17
Q

Endothelium

A

it lines blood or lymph vessels. Inner lining of cornea

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18
Q

Mesothelium

A

lines body cavaties

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19
Q

location for Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

glands

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20
Q

location for simply columnar epithelium

A

GI and respiratory tracts and parts of the uterus and glands

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21
Q

Goblet cells

A

Located in simple columnar epithelium of digestive tract for example. secrete mucus

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22
Q

what layer of the tear film is produced by goblet cells?

A

innermost layer, the mucous layer. produced in the conjunctiva

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23
Q

exocrine gland

A

glandular epithelium. a gland whose secretion is drained by ducts onto the body surface or into a body cavity. examples are sebaceous glands (oil), sudoriferous glands (sweat), and mammart glands (milk)

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24
Q

exocrine glands

A

glandular epithelium. “secrete outside”. unnicellular glands (goblet cells), multicellular glands.

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25
Q

Simple multicellular glands

A

exocrine gland having one duct leading from the secretory cells which does not branch

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26
Q

compound multicellular glands

A

exocrine glands having ducts which branch

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27
Q

How are exocrine glands classified by secretion?

A

mucus, serous, seromucous

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28
Q

How are exocrine glands classified?

A

number of cells, type of secretion, the way the gland releases its secretions.

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29
Q

merocrine glands

A

cells are NOT destroyed when the secretions are released with no loss of cellular material. Intact cellular components. Salivary gland

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30
Q

Apocrine glands

A

division of merocrine glands. cells are NOT destroyed when the secretions are released with bits of the cytoplasm. Mammary

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31
Q

Holocrine glands

A

the cells are ruptures and destroyed when the secretions are released. Oil gland

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32
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

bone, cartilage, dense regular connective tissue, blood, adipose

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33
Q

function of bone

A

support, protection of organs, muscle attachment, calcium storage, and blood cell production

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34
Q

function of cartilage

A

shock absorbers and flexibility

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35
Q

function of dense regular connective tissue

A

ligaments and tendons

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36
Q

function of blood

A

transportation of substances

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37
Q

function of adipose

A

protection, insulation, and energy reserve

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38
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

innervated (except cartilage), highly vascular (excpet cartilage and tendons), made up of cells, ground substance, and fibers

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39
Q

What connective tissue is not innervated?

A

cartilage

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40
Q

Which connective tissue is not vascular?

A

cartilage and tendons

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41
Q

-blast

A

to produce, to sprout. blast cells secrete matrix

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42
Q

mast cells

A

produce histamine near blood vessels

43
Q

macrophages

A

WBC, phagocytosis

44
Q

Plasma cells

A

antibodies

45
Q

connective tissue fibers

A

embedded within the liquid, jelly like, or solid ground substance. found between the connective tissue cells.

46
Q

ground substance

A

contains water and a diversity of various chemicals and large molecules into which cells and fibers of connective tissue are embedded. Hyaluronic acid (lubricates joint, maintains shape of eye), keratan sulfate (cartilage, cornea), plasma (free flowing in blood)

47
Q

collagen

A

occur in bundles of tiny fibrils lying parallel to one another, found in most CT, especially bone, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.

48
Q

elsatic

A

branch and form a loose network, numerous in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue

49
Q

reticular

A

branching networks, provide blood vessel wall support, form delicate network around fat cells, nerve fibers, skeletal and smooth muscle cells, form the stroma or supporting framework of certain organs like spleen and lymph nodes, and assist in forming the basement membrane

50
Q

types of mature connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue (areolar, reticular), Dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic), cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic), adipose, bone/osseous tissue, blood/vascular tissue

51
Q

areolar CT

A

contains loose arrangments of colagen, elastic, and reticular fibers, contains many cell types, semifluid ground substance.

52
Q

Where is areolar CT found?

A

subcutaneous layer of skin and mucous membranes, and cushioning around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs.

53
Q

What id the function of areolar CT?

A

strength, elasticity, and support

54
Q

reticular CT

A

contains reticular fibers in a delicate network

55
Q

location of reticular CT

A

liver, spleen, lymph nodes, around skeletal and smooth muscle cells

56
Q

Function of reticulat CT

A

interal supporting framework/stroma and binding tissue

57
Q

adipose tissue

A

signet ring appearance

58
Q

location of adipose tissue

A

subcutaneou layer of skin, around organs, yellow bone marrow of long bones, and behind eyeball

59
Q

function of adipose tissue

A

insulates to decrease heat loss, energy reserve and protection

60
Q

unilocular

A

one large droplet with the nucleus pushed to the side

61
Q

brown adipose tissue

A

many fat droplets per adipocyte

62
Q

location of brown adipose tissue

63
Q

function of brown adipose tissue

A

generates a lot of heat yo help maintain proper body temperature

64
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

matrix looks shiny white, mainly is collagen fibers densely packed in bundles in a parallel arrangement.

65
Q

location of Dense regular CT

A

tendons and ligaments

66
Q

Function of dense regular CT

A

provides for strong attachments. Allows for a lot of pull in one direction

67
Q

dense irregular CT

A

mainly is collagen fibers randomly arranged in bundles

68
Q

location of irregular CT

A

dermis of skin, membranse around cartilage and bone, various organs’ capsules, dura matter, and heart valves

69
Q

funcrion of irregular CT

A

provides strength in variety of directions

70
Q

elastic CT

A

mainly branching elastic fibers

71
Q

location of elastic CT

A

lung tissue, walls of large/elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, and ligamenta flava

72
Q

function of elastic CT

A

permits stretching

73
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

matrix consists of lacunae containg chondrocytes, fibrous network is collagen and elastic fibers, ground substance is shiny and rubber textured. weakest, most common

74
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

end of long bones, embryonic skeleton, tip of nose, trachea, and bronchial tubes

75
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A

provies smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility, and provides support

76
Q

fibrocartilage

A

matrix consists of lacunae containing chondrocytes, fibrous network us bundles of collagen fibers

77
Q

location of fibrocartilage

A

areas supporting heaviest body weight. Knee joints, vertebral discs.

78
Q

function of fibrocartilage

79
Q

elastic cartilage

A

matrix consists of lacunae containing chondrocytes, fibrous network us a threadlike network of elastic fibers

80
Q

location of elastic cartilage

A

epiglottis and auricle

81
Q

function of elastic cartilage

A

flexible giving support and maintenance of shape

82
Q

bone

A

hardest of CT because it contains Ca and phosphate as the ground substance and has a fibrous matrix of collagen

83
Q

compact/dense bone

A

outside the bone

84
Q

spongy bone

A

webby, surround red bone marrow with the epiphyses

85
Q

shaft/diaphysis

A

contains yellow marrow of long bone

86
Q

compact bone tissue/lamellar bone

A

osteon comprised of haversian canals, lamellae, lacunae, osteocyes, and canaliculi

87
Q

lamellae

A

rings around the HC

88
Q

lacunae

A

within the lamellae contain osteocytes

89
Q

canaliculi

A

connect the lacunae to each other and to the HC

90
Q

what connects the osteons?

A

perforating canals connect the osteons via the HC

91
Q

Condyle

A

protruding mass with a smooth articular surface

92
Q

head

A

projecting articular process attached to the rest of the bone by a narrow neck

93
Q

facet

A

smooth flat suface

94
Q

trochanter

A

large, blunt, irregular projection found only on the femur

95
Q

bony landmarks that provide for attachment of muscles and ligaments

A

crest, tuberosity, tubercle, spine, process, protuberance, epicondyle, trochanter

96
Q

bony landmarks that may provide passageways for blood vessels and nerves

A

fissure, foramen, fossa, meatus, sinus, sulcus/groove

97
Q

blood/vascular tissue

A

liquid ground substance, after clotting a matrix forms, cells are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

98
Q

functions of blood

A

transportation of oxygen, CO2, phagocytosis and involvement in immunity and allergic reaction, and blood clotting.

99
Q

muscle tissue

A

skeletal/ body movement. movement of blood, food and wastes through organs and maintenance of posture.

100
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary, not striated, hollows of organs and blood vessels. cells are thin spindle shaoed fibers. nuclei is single, centrally located

101
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart, striated, one or more centrally located nuclei, involuntary, branching short fibers, intercalated discs

102
Q

skeletal muscle

A

usually attached to skeleton, movement, voluntary, large, long unbranched cylindrical fibers, multinucleated, striated

103
Q

nerve tissue

A

communication

Opt Anatomy (8 decks)

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