Intro To Gen Path Flashcards
Cells work together in functionally related
groups
Tissues
Types of tissues
- Epithelial – lining and covering
- Connective – support
- Muscle – movement
- Nervous – control
- Covers a body surface or lines a body
cavity - Forms most glands
Epithelial Tissue
Most diverse and abundant tissue
Connective Tissue
Main classes of connective tissue
– Connective tissue proper
– Blood – Fluid connective tissue
– Cartilage
– Bone tissue
Components of connective tissue
– Cells (varies according to tissue)
– Matrix
Common embryonic origin
mesenchyme
Structures of Connective Tissue Proper
- cells
- fibers
- ground substance
Cells found in connective tissue proper
– Fibroblasts
– Macrophages, lymphocytes (antibody producing cells)
– Adipocytes (fat cells)
– Mast cells
– Stem cells
What are the fibers
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
branching fibers with a wavy appearance
Elastic
very strong & abundant, long & straight
Collagen
fills the extracellular space
Ground substance
Classifications of Connective Tissue Proper
Loose connective tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
What are Loose Connective Tissue
– Areolar
– Reticular
– Adipose
What are Dense Connective Tissue
– Regular
– Irregular
– Elastic
largely composed of
unilocular lipid-filled
adipocytes that specialize in
lipid storage,
White adipose tissue
largely composed of
multilocular adipocytes that
specialize in lipid burning.
Brown adipose tissue
Long, cylindrical cells
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Spindle-shaped cells with
central nuclei
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Branching cells
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Occurs in walls of heart
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
attached to bones
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Location of smooth muscle
walls of hollow organs
Voluntary movement
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Involuntary control
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Uni-nucleate
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Intercalated discs
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Obvious striations
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
No striations
Smooth Muscle Tissue
is composed of
neurons supported by
a framework of glial
cells and microglia
Nervous Tissue
Processes of these
cells combine to form
a delicate fibrillary
background
Neurophil
Receive and transmit electrical signals
Neurons
Surround the neurons and provide support and insulation between them
Glial cells
Major phagocytic cells in CNS
Microglia
Major supporting cells in the brain
Astrocytes
Wrap around the axons of neurons to form myelin
Oligodendrocytes
Line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
Ependymal cells
What is pathology?
Study of disease
It involves the investigation of the causes
of disease and the associated changes at
the levels of cells, tissues, and organs,
Pathology
any disturbance / abnormal variation in
the structure and/or function of the body
Disease
The causes of disease
- environmental factor
- genetic factor
- combination of environmental genetic factor
Environmental factor
- Physical agent
- Chemicals
- Nutritional deficiencies and excesses
- Infections and infestations
- Immunological factor
- Psychogenic factor
Example of physical agent
trauma, radiation,
extremes of temperature,
and electric power
Example of nutritional deficiencies and excesses
• poor supply,
• interference with
absorption,
• inefficient transport
within the body, or
• defective utilization.
Examples of Infections and infestations
- viruses, bacterial, fungi, protozoa
Example of Immunological factors
- Hypersensitivity reaction
- Immunodeficiency
- Autoimmunity
The mental
stresses imposed
by conditions of life,
particularly in
technologically
advanced
communities.
Psychogenic factor
The different stages in the
natural history of disease
Exposure to various risk
factors
Latency
Biological onset of disease
Incubation (induction) period
The clinical onset of the
disease
The onset of permanent
damage
Death
PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF DISEASE
–Etiology
–Pathogenesis
–Morphologic changes
– Functional derangements and Clinical
Significance
the origin of a disease, including
the underlying causes and modifying
factors
Etiology
refers to the steps in the
development of disease
pathogenesis
refer to the structural
alterations in cells or tissues
that occur following the
pathogenetic mechanisms
Morphologic
changes
determine the clinical
features, course, and
prognosis of the
disease.
Functional
derangements and
clinical significance
any indication of a disease perceived
by the patient.
Symptoms
objective findings noticed by the doctor on
examination of the patient
Signs
start of the disease
Onset
prediction of the outcome of the
disease
Prognosis
outcome of the disease
Fate
new disease conditions that may
occur during or after the usual course of the original
disease.
Complications
Study of the basic reactions of cells and tissues to pathologic stimuli that underlie all diseases
General pathology
Study of the particular responses of specialized organs and tissues to well-defined stimuli
Systemic pathology
SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
- GROSS PATHOLOGY
- CELLULAR PATHOLOGY
- SURGICAL PATHOLOGY:
- CLINICAL PATHOLOGY:
- IMMUNOPATHOLOGY:
refers to
macroscopic anifestations
of disease in organs,
tissues, and body cavities
Gross Pathology
is the study of tissues removed from living patients during surgery to help
diagnose a disease and
determine a treatment plan
Surgical Pathology
Histopathology and
cytopathology are key
diagnostic tests in the initial
detection and diagnosis of
cancer and other diseases
supported by modern
molecular techniques
Cellular Pathology
The science and practice
of medical diagnosis by
laboratory examination
and analysis of tissue
specimens body fluids and other samples.
Clinical Pathology
is a branch of medicine that
deals with immune responses associated with
disease.
Immunopathology
Diagnostic techniques used in Pathology
- Histopathology
- Cytopathology
- Hematopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microbiological examination
- Biochemical examination
- Cytogenetics
- Molecular techniques
- Autopsy
studies
tissues under the
microscope
Histopathological
techniques
tissue sample
from a living person to
identify the disease.
biopsy
Biopsy can be either
incisional or excisional
study
of cells from various body
sites to determine the
cause or nature of disease
Cytopathologic techniques
this is a method by which
abnormalities of the cells
of the blood and their
precursors in the bone
marrow are investigated
to diagnose the different
kinds of anemia &
leukemia
Hematological
examination
combines histological,
immunological and
biochemical techniques for the
identification of specific tissue components by means of a specific antigen/antibody
reaction tagged with a visible
label
Immunohistochemistry
This is a method by which
body fluids, excised tissue,
etc. are examined by
microscopical, cultural and
serological techniques to
identify micro-organisms
responsible for many
diseases.
Microbiological
examination
This is a method by which
the metabolic disturbances of disease are investigated by assay of various normal and abnormal compounds in the blood and urine
biochemical examination
This is a method in which
inherited chromosomal
abnormalities in the germ cells
or acquired chromosomal
abnormalities in somatic cells
are investigated using the
techniques of molecular
biology
Clinical genetics
(cytogenetics)
Different molecular
techniques
fluorescent in situ
hybridization (FISH)
– Southern blot
can be used to detect
genetic diseases.
Southern blot
examination of the dead body to identify the
cause of death.
autopsy
