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endocrinology lectures phase 2 > intro to endocrnology > Flashcards

intro to endocrnology Flashcards

1
Q

major components of endocrine system

A
  • pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
    -pancreas
  • ovary
  • testes
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2
Q

define endocrinology

A

the study of hormones (and their gland of origin), their receptors, the intracellular signalling pathways, and their associated diseases

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3
Q

define endocrine

A

glands pour secretions into blood stream

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4
Q

define exocrine

A

outside

glands pour secretions through a duct to site of action

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5
Q

examples of endocrine glands

A

thyroid, adrenal, beta cells of pancreas

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6
Q

examples of exocrine

A

pancreas - amylase, lipase

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7
Q

2 categories of hormones

A

water soluble

fat soluble

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8
Q

compare transport of water soluble and fat soluble hormones

A

water soluble - unbound

fat soluble - protein bound

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9
Q

compare cell interaction in water soluble and fat soluble

A

water soluble - bind to surface receptor

fat soluble - diffuse into cell

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10
Q

compare half life of water soluble and fat soluble hormones

A

water soluble - short

fat soluble - long

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11
Q

compare clearance of water soluble and fat soluble hormones

A

water soluble - fast

fat soluble - slow

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12
Q

2 examples of water soluble hormones

A

peptides, monoamines

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13
Q

2 examples of fat soluble hormones

A

thyroid hormone, steroids

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14
Q

describe endocrine hormone action

A

blood - borne

acting at distance sites

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15
Q

describe paracrine hormone action

A

acting on adjacent cells

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16
Q

describe autocrine hormone action

A

feedback on same cell that secreted hormone

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17
Q

where are peptides and monoamines stored

A

in vesicles

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18
Q

where are steroids stored

A

they are not

they are synthesised on demand

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19
Q

describe length of peptide hormones

A

they vary in length

TRH- 3 amino acids

gonadotropins - 180 amino acids

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20
Q

describe structure of peptide hormones

A

liner or ring structure

two chains and may bind to carbohydrates eg LH,FSH

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21
Q

characteristics of peptide hormones

A

stored in secretory granules

hydrophilic

water soluble

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22
Q

how are peptide hormones released

A

in pulses or bursts

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23
Q

how are peptide hormones cleared

A

by tissue or circulating enzymes

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24
Q

describe process of making peptide hormones

A
  1. synthesis : preporhormone -> prohormone
  2. packaging: prohormone -> hormone
  3. storage: hormone
  4. secretion: hormone
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25
Q

what do peptide hormones do

A

act as surface receptor and secondary messenger activation

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26
Q

what are all amines derivatives of

A

phenylanine

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27
Q

what are amines secreted by

A

medulla

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28
Q

what is the rate limiting step in amine production

A

the conversion to L-DOPA

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29
Q

what does cortisol do in amine production

A

cortisol potentiates conversion of norepin to epin

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30
Q

characteristics of amines

A
  • water soluble
  • stored in secretory granules
  • release pulsatile
  • rapid clearance e
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31
Q

which receptors to amines bind

A

bind to alpha and beta receptors or D1 and D2

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32
Q

impact of alpha receptors

A

vasoconstrition
dilated pupil
alertness
contraction of stomach bowel, anal sphincter

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33
Q

what happens when adrenoreceptors become activated

A

stimulates the sympathetic nervous system - fight or flight response

34
Q

are thyroid hormones wate soluble

A

no

99% is protein bound

35
Q

how much of T3 in blood is secreted directly by thyroid

A

only 20% of T3 in the circulation is secreted directly by thyroid

36
Q

process of thyroid release

A
  1. secretory cels release thyroglobulin intro colloid - acts as base for thyroid hormone synthesis
  2. incorporation of iodine on tyrosine molecules to form iodothyrosinases
  3. conjugation of iodothyrosines gives rise to T3 and T4 and stored in colloid bound to thyroglobulin
  4. TSH stimulates the movement of colloid into secretory cell, T4 and T3 cleaved from thyroglobulin
37
Q

3 locations of hormone receptors

A
  1. cell membrane - peptide
  2. cytoplasm - steroid
  3. nucleus - thyroid
38
Q

what’s in the nuclear receptor family

A
  • oestrogen
  • thyroid hormone
  • vit D
39
Q

what’s in the steroid receptor family

A
  • glucocorticoids - cortisol
  • mineralcorticoids - aldosterone
  • androgens - testosterone
  • progesterone
40
Q

give an advantage of cell membrane receptors

A

cell selectivity

41
Q

which receptor sites may alter cell transcription

A

all 3 receptor sites - cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

42
Q

which type of hormone are more lipid soliuble

A

steroids

they are more lipid soluble to cross cell membrane

43
Q

describe solubility of vitamin D

A

fat soluble

44
Q

how does vitamin D enter cells

A

enters cells directly to nucleus to stimulate mRNA production

45
Q

how is vitamin D transported

A

by vitamin D binding protein

46
Q

how much of adrenocortical and gonadal steroids are protein bound

A

95%

47
Q

what happens to adrenocortical and gonadal steroids after entering cell

A
  1. pass to nucleus to induce response
  2. altered to active metabolite
  3. bind to a cytoplasmic receptor
48
Q

describe inactivation of adrenocortical and gonadal steroids

A

not too rapid

in liver by reduction and oxidation
or
conjugation to glucoronide and sulphate groups

49
Q

describe the intracellular steroid pathway

A
  1. steroid hormone diffuses through plasma membrane and binds to receptor
  2. receptor hormone complex enters nucleus
  3. receptor hormone complex binds to GRE
  4. binding initiates transcription of gene to mRNA
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
50
Q

how is hormone secretion controlled

A
  1. basal secretion - continuously or pulsatile
  2. superadded rhythms - eg day nighy cycle
  3. release inhibiting factors
  4. releasing factors
51
Q

how is hormone action controlled

A
  1. hormone metabolism
  2. hormone receptor induction
  3. hormone receptor down regulation
  4. synergism
  5. antagonism
52
Q

how does hormone metabolism control hormone action

A

increased metabolism to reduce function

53
Q

how does hormone receptor induction control hormone action

A

induction of LH receptors by FSH in follicle

54
Q

how does hormone receptor down regulation control hormone action

A

hormone secreted in large quantities cause down regulation of its target receptors

55
Q

how does synergism affect control of hormone action

A

combined effects of two hormones amplified

eg glucagon with epinephrine

56
Q

how does antagonism control hormone action

A

one hormone opposes other hormone

eg glucagon antagonises insulin

57
Q

describe negative feedback

A

initial stimulus

response

decreased stimulus

response loop shuts off

58
Q

describe positive feedback

A

initial stimulus

response

increased stimulus

back to response

59
Q

how do you shut positive feedback

A

an outside factor is required

60
Q

3 types of negative feedback loops

A

short loop negative feedback

ultra short loop negative feedback

long loop negative feedback

61
Q

what components are shown in MRI of normal pituitary gland

A

optic chiasm

hypothalamus

pituitary stalk

62
Q

which cranial nerves are around pituitary gland

A

oculomotor

trochlear

abducens

ophthalmic

maxillary

63
Q

what does the posterior pituitary gland produce

A
  1. hypothalamic neurones synthesis oxytocin or ADH
  2. oxytocin and ADH are transported down the axons of the hypothalamic - hyphophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary
  3. oxytocin and ADH are stored in axon terminals in posterior pituitary
  4. when hypothalamic neurones activated , hormones released
64
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

stimulates mammary glands and labour conyraction

65
Q

what hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary gland

A

TSH - thyroid
ACTH -adrenal cortex
FSH & LH - testes or ovaries
GH - entire body
Prolactin PRL - mammary glands

66
Q

what happens if you get pituitary dysfunction

A

tumour mass effects

hormone excess

hormone deficiency

67
Q

investigations for pituitary dysfunction

A

hormonal tests

if hormonal tests are abnormal or tumour mass effects perform MRI pituitary

68
Q

describe the hypothalamo - pituitary - thyroid axis

A

hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> thyroid gland

69
Q

describe thyroid hormone function

A

Accelerates food metabolism
Increases protein synthesis
Stimulation of carbohydrate metabolism
Enhances fat metabolism
Increase in ventilation rate
Increase in cardiac output and heart rate
Brain development during foetal life and postnatal development
Growth rate accelerated

70
Q

describe hypothalamo - pituitary - adrenal axis and cortisol actions

A

hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> adrenal cortex

hormones :
CRH -> ACTH -> CORT

71
Q

components of adrenal gland

A

capsule
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
adrenal medulla

72
Q

3 types of steroids

A

mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

glucocorticoids - cortisol androgens

androgens - androstenedione, DHEA

73
Q

primary regulators of RAAS system

A

decrease in blood volume and/or blood pressure

increase in K+ in loop

74
Q

impact of RAAS system

A

increased absorption of Na+ and water
increased K+ excretion

increased blood volume and/or blood pressure

75
Q

describe adrenal hormone short term stress response

A
  • heart rare increases
  • blood pressure increases
  • bronchioles dilate
  • liver coverts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood
  • blood flow changes, reducing digestive system activity and urine output
  • metabolic rate increases
76
Q

long term stress response from adrenal horm,one

A
  • kidneys retain sodium and water
  • blood volume and bp rise
  • proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy
  • blood glucose increases
  • immune system suppressed
77
Q

where is FSH produced

A

granulosa cell

78
Q

where is LH produced

A

theca cell

79
Q

describe formation of eostgroen

A

cholesterol -> androgen -> oestrogen

via enzyme aromatise

80
Q

5 steroid actions

A
  1. Steroid hormone diffuse through plasma membrane and binds to receptor
  2. Receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus
  3. Receptor-hormone complex binds to GRE
  4. Binding initiates transcription of gene to mRNA
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
81
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce

A

Produces steroids hormones:
Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone
Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol androgens
Androgens e.g. androstenedione and DHEA

82
Q

what does the adrenal medulla produce

A

Produces epinephrine and norephinephrine

endocrinology lectures phase 2 (17 decks)

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