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PCF Exam 3 > Intro to Diabetes > Flashcards

Intro to Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Preventative strategies for reducing the onset of T2DM

A

Lifestyle change
Dietary intake
Weight control
Exercise level

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2
Q

Epidemiology of DM

A

~37 million in the U.S. have DM
1 in 10
1 in 5 don’t know
~96 million cases of Pre-Diabetes
1 in 3 adults

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3
Q

Additional factors (besides glucose) that can stimulate insulin release from the β-cell

A
  • Hormones: GLP-1, CCK, Glucagon
  • Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine, epi-/norepinephrine, somatostatin
  • Glucose synergizes with these mediators
    & enhances the secretory response of the
    β-cell to these factors.
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4
Q

_____ Allows glucose transportation into the cell for metabolism

A

Insulin

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5
Q

Digestion also stimulates ____ release

A

insulin

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6
Q

Activation of the insulin receptor causes activation of _____

A

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

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7
Q

What triggers the liver to do gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucagon

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8
Q

____ separate C-peptide from insulin

A

Converting enzymes

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9
Q

_____ is characterized by β cell destruction (pancreas) and virtually absent circulating insulin

A

DM1

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10
Q

Pathophysiology of DM1

A

Mostly seen in children before school age & again around puberty
Rate of B cell destruction is variable

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11
Q

_____ is characterized by sufficient circulating endogenous insulin, & ↑ insulin resistance (↓ tissue sensitivity)

A

DM2

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12
Q

What happens with circulating glucagon in DM1?

A

Elevated

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13
Q

In this state, almost no carbohydrates are metabolized & all energy comes from fat
metabolism.

A

Ketoacidosis

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14
Q

Explain how ketoacidosis occurs

A

ADD

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15
Q

What are “Kussmaul” respirations?

A

slower, deeper & labored breathing

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16
Q

_____ + _____ = high serum osmolarity & metabolic acidosis

A

Hyperglycemia + osmotic diuresis

17
Q

The lethality of ketoacidosis lies in ______

A

the changes to key ions like potassium

18
Q

Diagnostic criteria of DM1

A

Increased Urination
Increased Appetite
Increased Thirst
Blurred Vision
Weight Loss
Hypotension ↓ blood volume from urination, K+ loss
Paresthesias (abormal sensations, tingling)

19
Q

Diagnostic Criteria for DM2

A

↑ Urination & Thirst
Glycosuria or hyperglycemia
Neuropathies
Cardiovascular problems
Chronic skin infections
Generalized Pruritus
Vaginitis
Chronic Candidal vulvovaginitis
Marcosomia (large (>9lb) babies)
Balanoposthitis
Overweight or obese
↑ waist circumference
Acanthosis Nigricans
Eruptive xanthomas
Hypertrigliceridemia

20
Q

Laboratory findings for Diabetes

A
  • Urine Glucose
  • Urine & Blood Ketones
  • Plasma or Serum Glucose: ≥ 126 mg/dL on two separate occasions with at least 8 hours of
    fasting is diagnostic for Diabetes Mellitus
21
Q

≥ ____mg/dL on two separate occasions with at least 8 hours of fasting is diagnostic for Diabetes Mellitus

A

126

22
Q

Normal vs. Fasting glucose laboratory testing

A

Normal: if 0 minute is < 100mg/dL & 120 minute is < 140 mg/dL
Fasting: >126 mg/dL or 120 minute is over > 200 mg/dL = DM

23
Q

How is HgbA1c weighted?

A

HgbA1c is weighted to the most recent month & expressed as %
Correlates to glucose concentration over the last 8-12 weeks
Check this in all types of diabetics every 3-4 months

24
Q

~5.7-6.4% HgbA1c indicates ______

A

higher risk (prediabetes or insulin resistance)

25
Q

Compare & contrast DM1 and DM2

A

See slide 35

26
Q

How are eyes affected by DM?

A

Diabetic retinopathy
Cataracts

27
Q

How are the kidneys affected by DM?

A

Glomerulosclerosis
Infection
Pyelonephritis
Renal Tubular Necrosis (RTN)

28
Q

How is the nervous system affected by DM?

A

Peripheral neuropathy: sensory & motor
Foot or wrist drop
Cranial Neuropathy

Postural Hypotension
Loss of sweating
Gastroparesis
Urinary Bladder atony

29
Q

How is the skin affected by DM?

A

Skin spots
Candidiasis
Foot & leg ulcers
Ischemic

30
Q

How is the cardiovascular system affected by DM?

A

Heart disease
Myocardial Infarction
Cardiomyopathy
Peripheral vascular disease
Ischemic ulcers

31
Q

How is the musculoskeletal system affected by DM?

A

Diabetic Characteropathy
Dupuytren contracture
Charcot joint
Osteomyelitis

32
Q

Unusual infections that occur due to DM?

A

Necrotizing Fasciitis
Necrotizing Myositis
Emphysematous Cholecystitis
Malignant otitis media

PCF Exam 3 (7 decks)

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