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Developmental Neuroscience > Intro to developmental neuroscience > Flashcards

Intro to developmental neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Induction

A

signal originating in one tissue that causes another responsive tissue to differentiate into something else

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2
Q

Inducer

A

chemical signalling molecule

short range or long range

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3
Q

from stem cell to neuron

A

competent neural precursor
specified neural precursor
committed neural precursor
differentiation

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4
Q

from stem cell to radial glial cell

A

neuroepithelial cells
early radial glial cell
neuron or late radial glial cell eg astrocyte
can replenish previous pool

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5
Q

Model organism example and steps in development

A

xenopus

egg - blastula - gastrula - neurula

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6
Q

2 poles of egg

A

vegetal - unpigmented, heavy, full of yolk

animal - pigmented

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7
Q

Where does grey crescent form?

A

directly opposite where sperm enters

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8
Q

what does grey crescent determine?

A

d/v axis - ventral = sperm comes in, dorsal = grey crescent

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9
Q

what does 1st division do to grey crescent?

A

splits it in half

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10
Q

animal pole cells are?

A

smaller

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11
Q

gastrulation

A

cells migrate towards inside of embryo through the blastopore to form 3 germ layers

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12
Q

ectoderm

A

CNS, PNS, skin, hair

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13
Q

mesoderm

A

blood, muscle, cartilage, kidneys

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14
Q

endoderm

A

GIT and RT lining, liver, thyroid

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15
Q

purse string contraction

A

in neurulation the flat ectoderm thickens to form a neural plate by contraction and then a hollow neural tube

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16
Q

border cells of neural plate become what?

A

neural crest

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17
Q

neural crest cell migration

A

laterally to form PNS, including spinal ganglia

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18
Q

What happens to the notochord?

A

degenerates and only persists in IV discs

19
Q

contact between notochord and neural tube

A

physical - allows induction

20
Q

dorsal lip transplantation

A

Spemannn and Mangold 1924

21
Q

Explain dorsal lip transplantation

A

dorsal lip of blastopore cut out

transferred to ventral site

22
Q

dorsal lip transplantation control

A

ventral tissue grafted to ventral position

23
Q

findings from dorsal lip transplantation

A 
active = 2 neural tubes, 2 complete nervous systems without ventral tissues 
control = normal embryo
24
Q

what is the spemann organiser?

A

dorsal lip of blastopore - able to organise 2nd nervous system

25
Q

organiser potency with time

A

early donor - complete 2nd axis

late donor - extra tail only

26
Q

vertical and planar movement

A

vertical - between layers of different tissue, late gastrula

planar - within a single plane (early-late gastrula)

27
Q

early evidence favoured vertical or planar?

A

vertical

28
Q

who did the exogastrula experiments?

A

holtfretter in 1933

29
Q

explain exogastrula experiment

A

high salt concentration
planar induction not sufficient for nervous system
must have opposed layers

30
Q

Mangold 1933

A

embryo in neurulation - dissect mesoderm and graft into blastocoele
anterior mesoderm - 2nd head
posterior mesoderm - 2nd tail

31
Q

vertical induction findings mangold 1933

A

Vertical induction of ectoderm by mesoderm

mesoderm contains inducers that specify A/P nervous tissue

32
Q

homeobox genes

A

1983 - genes encoding transcription factors that determine body segmentation
highly conserved from flies

33
Q

what are homeobox genes markers for?

A

A/P position

34
Q

2 homeobox experiments

A

exogastrula and keller sandwhiches

35
Q

homeobox - exogastrula

A

label embryos for neural markers N-CAM and xhox3 present in ectoderm next to envaginated mesoderm

36
Q

What lead to a rethink that not only vertical induction was involved?

A

homeobox genes

37
Q

Keller sandwhiches

A

2 embryos - cut out identical regions

later them under piece of glass and allow to develop

38
Q

keller sandwhich findings

A

homeobox genes found in same position in embryo and keller sandwhich
no vertical induction

39
Q

Is planar induction enough?

A

No - no floor plate, no D/V patterning

keller sandwhich - no eyes, anterior structures

40
Q

What is the default state for ectoderm?

A

neural tissue

41
Q

Evidence for default model

A

xenopus - animal cap
intact tissue = epidermis
reaggregate immediately = epidermis
delay reaggregation for 1 hour = some neural markers
reaggregation delayed >5 hours = neural tissue only

42
Q

neural default model - explain

A

absence of signal required for neural differentiation

no signal = neural

43
Q

Neural default model reinterprets spemann and mangold

A

epidermal inducer in ectoderm an receptor - bind epidermal induction
spemann organiser produce antagonist - neuronal

Developmental Neuroscience (10 decks)

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