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Developmental Neuroscience > Developing pain > Flashcards

Developing pain Flashcards

1
Q

human spinal nerves

A

31 - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar and sacral and 1 coccygeal

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2
Q

rat spinal nerves

A

31 - 8 cervical, 13 thoracic, 6 lumbar and 4 sacral

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3
Q

when does neural plate form and when does neurulation take place?

A

week 3 and week 4

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4
Q

when is formative DRG seen in rat spinal cord?

A

E12

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5
Q

when do dorsal root fibres arrive at DREZ?

A

E13

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6
Q

DREZ

A

connect PNS and CNS

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7
Q

E14 DRG cells

A

spherical, bipolar and mitotic

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8
Q

E15 DRG cells

A

spherical nuclei and hypertrophied cytoplasm

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9
Q

DRG E18+19

A

growth - proportion of cells with spherical nuclei and hypoertrophied cytoplasm increased

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10
Q

Morphological stages during development

A

bipolar stage E13
transitional stage - spherical nuclei E14
eccentric stage - spherical and hypertrophied E15-18
pseudounipolar stage E19

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11
Q

pseudounipolar stage

A

dorsal root diverge to ascendign pathway - dorsal horn and descending pathway - ventral horn
mature ganglion cell body

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12
Q

when does major production of DRG neurons end?

A

E15

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13
Q

large or small DRG neurons first?

A

large

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14
Q

satellite and schwann cell production

A

trails neurogenesis in the peripheral spinal ganglia

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15
Q

last cells to be produced

A

satellite cells

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16
Q

neurogenin 1 and 2

A

2 - large DRG neurons

1 - small DRG neurons

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17
Q

peptidergic or non-peptidergic small DRG neurons first?

A

peptidergic

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18
Q

what determines final DRG neuron numbers?

A

survival of DRG cells via access to neurotrophic factors

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19
Q

% DRG neurons die during first 5 PN days

A

15 - coincide with innervation of the skin (NGF release)

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20
Q

satellite cells

A

protect/support cell in PNS

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21
Q

pain - IASP

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

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22
Q

4 types of pain

A

nociceptive
inflammatory
neuropathic
dysfunctional

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23
Q

stimulus for 4 types of pain

A

nociceptive = tissue damage
inflammatory = mediators
neuropathic = nerve pain
dysfunctional pain = ?

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24
Q

Ab fibres

A

big - sensitive mechanoreceotors

25
Q

Ad fibres

A

medium - thermoreceptors and nociceptors
thin, myelinated
initial pain - sharp

26
Q

c fibres

A

small - thermoreceptors and nociceptors

delayed pain - dull

27
Q

which pain fibres unmyelinated?

A

c

28
Q

where are nociceptors found?

A

within DRG - spinothalamic tract

29
Q

peptergic neuropeptides

A

substance P, p75, trkA

30
Q

peptergic neuropeptide

A

innervate superficial lamina 1 of dorsal horn
supported by NGF
NK1

31
Q

nociceptors producing peptergic and non-peptergic neuropeptides

A 
pep = Ad and C
non-pep = c
32
Q

non-peptergic neuropeptide innervate what?

A

lamina 2 - deeper

PKC gamma

33
Q

growth factor supporting non-peptergic nociceptors

A

GDNF

34
Q

allodynia

A

increased response to normally non-painful stimuli

35
Q

hyperalgesia

A

exaggerated response to normally painful stimuli

36
Q

2 mechanisms of pain

A

peripheral and central sensitisation

37
Q

chemical mediators of inflammation

A

histamine, bradykinin, acids and serotonin

38
Q

peripheral sensitisation

A

chemical mediators can either stimulate nerve terminals to depolarise or sensitise them - bring them closer to depolarisation threshold
enzyme cascade upregulate ion channels and sodium specific nociceptive channels
more sensitive to mediators

39
Q

when does peripheral sensitisation occur?

A

chemical mediators stimulate receptors on nociceptive terminals

40
Q

where does central sensitisation occur?

A

dorsal horn

41
Q

where does thermal hyperalgesia occur?

A

site of injury - peripheral mechanism

42
Q

where does mechanical hypersensitivity occur?

A

also occurs outside site of injury - central mechanism

43
Q

mechanism of peripheral sensitisation - stimuli

A

heat, bradykinin, adrenaline, NGF
ligand gated and G protein receptors
upregulate receptors - bring membrane potential near to depolarisation

44
Q

Peripheral sensitisation - effectors

A

new receptors
gene expression, produce voltage gated channels
positive charged ions influx

45
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

C fibre - inhibitory interneurone from Abeta fibre in dorsal horn

46
Q

Median onset of neuropathic pain

A

13

47
Q

rats undergo nerve injury early in life

A

eventually develop neuropathic pain, only when reach adolescence - P25-30

48
Q

spared nerve injury

A

sciatic nerve 3 branches - transect tibial and peritoneal

leave sural

49
Q

how is pain measured in rats?

A

hind paw withdrawl

50
Q

main paper in lecture

A

McKelvey et al 2015

51
Q

mechanical hypersensitivty - adult and infant rats

A

SNI ipsilateral side - mechanical hypersensitivity occurs right away in adults and between 20-30 days post surgery in infants

52
Q

Neuropathic pain - cold hypersensitivity

A

delayed onset in infants

53
Q

what does neonatal nerve injury lead to in dorsal horn?

A

delayed increase in adolescent dorsal horn neuron activities

54
Q

what happens to neurones in chronic neuropathic pain?

A

neurones start firing spontaneously even without stimulus

55
Q

neonatal nerve injury - anti-inflammatory

A

acute response in dorsal horn - max at day 7 IL-4 and IL-10

not present in adults

56
Q

neonatal nerve injury- proinflammatory

A

delayed pro-inflammatory response
TNF-alpha
by day 21 post SNI
similar effect seen day 7 adult injury - instant in adults

57
Q

Blocking anti-inflammatory responses in neonates

A

unmasks neuropathic pain

58
Q

inflammation - role in neuropathic pain

A

adult and absence of neonatal pain

59
Q

why does infant neurpathic pain become appararent at adolescence?

A

switch from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory mediators

Developmental Neuroscience (10 decks)

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