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DnD Unit 3 > Intro to Dermatology and Epidermis > Flashcards

Intro to Dermatology and Epidermis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most prevalent condition for people seeing their doctor?

A

skin disorders

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2
Q

What is the most common global skin disease?

A

Dermatitis (by a lot). Then Acne

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3
Q

What type of epithelium is the most superficial epidermis?

A

stratified squamous

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4
Q

What are all the components of skin? (layers, etc.)

A 
Epidermis
Dermis
Adnexal structures
subcutaneous fat
Regional thick skin layer (on palms, feet)
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5
Q

What are the different adnexal structures?

A
  • Apocrine glands
  • Eccrine glands
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Sebaceous glands
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6
Q

Name the two layers of the dermis

A
  • the papillary layer (loose connective tissue) lies immediately under the epidermis
  • a deeper reticular layer (dense connective tissue)
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7
Q

Where do you find keratinocytes?

A

Epidermis (stratum basale)

They are the stem cells

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8
Q

List the five layers of epidermis from superficial to deep

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin)
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale

“california loves girls- stupid and blonde”
“can lovers go (to) second base?”

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9
Q

What do you find in the granules of stratum granulosum

A

Inside Keratohyalin granules, you find profilaggrin = precursor to filaggrin

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10
Q

What does filaggrin do?

A

Filaggrin cross-links keratin tonofilaments and is important in the barrier function of the skin

Becomes NMF to moisturize skin

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11
Q

Which layers lost their nuclei and organelles?

A

corneum and lucidum

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12
Q

What is the important structural characteristic of the stratum spinosum?

A

Desmosones attach cells together!

Has a “prickly” or spiny appearance due to desmosome attachments between cells
• intercellular adhesion depends upon the tonofilament desmosome interaction in the distribution of stress

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13
Q

What type of epithelial layer is the stratum basale?

A

Single layer of cuboidal or columnar

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14
Q

How is the stratum basale attached to the dermis?

A

Hemidesmosomes: attach basal cells are firmly to the basal lamina of the dermal epidermal junction

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15
Q

Where do you find the stem cells of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale

Basal keratinocytes are the stem cells of the epidermis (the source of new keratinocytes and thus a site of intense proliferation)

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16
Q

What are tonofilaments?

A

protein structures (keratin filaments) that insert into the dense plaques of desmosomes on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

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17
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  1. Decoration/Beauty
  2. Barrier
    • Physical
    • Light
    • Immunologic
  3. Vitamin D synthesis
  4. Water Homeostasis
  5. Thermoregulation
  6. Insulation/Calorie Reservoir
  7. Touch/Sensation
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18
Q

What cell acts as a light barrier? Where is it found?

A

melanocyte > epidermis

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19
Q

What cell acts as a physical barrier?

A

keratinocyte

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20
Q

What cell does vitamin D synthesis

A

keratinocyte

21
Q

What cell acts a immunological barrier and where is it found?

A

Langerhans cells > epidermis

These are the antigen presenting cells (dendrites) of the skin

22
Q

What cell gives your skin strength and elasticity? Where is it found?

A

Fibroblast in the dermis (Produces collagen and elastin)

23
Q

How are the Fitzpatrick skin types classified?

A

Type I: Never tans, always burns- white
Type II: Tans with difficulty, usually burns- fair
Type III: Average tanning, sometimes burns- light brown
Type IV: Easily tans, rarely burns- moderate brown
Type V: Very easy to tan, very rarely burns- dark brown
Type VI: Never burns- black

24
Q

T/F: skin color variation is due to number of melanocytes?

A

False

Due to the type of melanin produced
– Eumelanin: black to brown pigment
– Pheomelanin: yellow to red-brown pigment

Due to the distribution melanosomes
– Light Skin: melanosomes distributed in clusters above the nucleus
– Dark Skin: melanosomes distributed individually throughout the cytoplasm

25
Q

Again, which type of melanin is darker?

A

Eumelanin: black to brown pigment
Pheomelanin: yellow to red-brown

26
Q

Again, does darker skin distribute melanosomes in the cytoplasm or in clusters above the nucleus?

A

melanosomes distributed individually throughout the cytoplasm

27
Q

What cells are involved in water homeostasis?

A 
Keratinocytes
Eccrine glands (adnexa)
28
Q

What cells are involved in thermoregulation?

A 
Eccrine glands (adnexa)
Blood vessels (dermis)
29
Q

What glands are involved in lubrication of skin?

A

sebaceous glands (adnexa)

30
Q

What disease is from defect with melanin?

A

Albinism

due to a defect in the tyrosinase gene involved in melanin production

31
Q

What is the mechanism of vitiligo?

A

Autoimmune destruction of melanocyte

32
Q

T/F: vitamin D2 and D3 can be ingested in food?

A

True

33
Q

Where are Vit D2 and D3 converted to calitriol?

A

Liver

34
Q

Where is the active form of vitamin D (calcidiol) synthesized?

A

Kidney

35
Q

T/F: Vitamin D2 and D3 are both synthesized/converted by the sun

A

False: only Vitamin D3 is converted by UVB rays

(it can also be acquired through diet

36
Q

What are the three different glands?

A

Apocrine: viscous, in axila and pubic regions, empty into hair follicles just above sebaceous glands

Eccrine: traditional, watery sweat glands all over body important in thermoregulation

Sebaceous: secrete sebum, develop along with hair follicles

37
Q

Characteristics of papillary layer of dermis?

A
  • site of attachment to epidermis
  • contains capillary network that is blood supply for epidermis
  • pathway for defense cells
  • contains Meissner’s corpuscles which sense touch
38
Q

Characteristics of reticular layer of dermis?

A
  • contains extensive collagen and elastic fibers that provide strength and flexibility
  • pathway for major blood vessels arranged specifically to facilitate thermoregulation
  • site of nerve tracts and major sensory receptors-Pacinian corpuscles sense vibration, pressure and touch
39
Q

What causes bullous pemphigoid?

A

blisters all over skin caused by autoantibodies to HEMIDESMOSONES

40
Q

What is epidermolysis bullosa?

A

Blisters from mechanical stress from defects in any of the following: hemidesmosones, collagen, laminin, etc

(there are different types caused by pretty much any kind of connective tissue defect)

41
Q

What skin structure is defective in pemphigus vulgaris?

A

Desmosones: from antibodies

42
Q

What are conditions caused by filaggrin mutations?

A

Icthyosis Vulgaris and Atopic Dermatitis

Severely dry skin

43
Q

What is NMF? (hint: natural moisturizing factor)

A

Broken down form of filaggrin that binds water to keep skin moist

-decreases with age

44
Q

What are terms for a flat skin lesion?

A

macule/ patch

45
Q

What are terms for a raised, smooth skin lesion?

A

papule/ plaque/ nodule/ cyst

46
Q

What are terms for a raised, scaly skin lesion?

A

papule with scale/ plaque with scale

47
Q

What are terms for a fluid filled skin lesion?

A

vesicle (fluid 1 cm), pustule (pus filled)

48
Q

What are terms for a bruising lesions?

A

purpura/ ecchymoses/petechiae/palpable purpura

49
Q

What are terms for redness?

A

erythema (redness)/ erythroderma (generalized redness)/ telangiectasia (visible dilation of small vessel)

DnD Unit 3 (13 decks)

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