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Dermatology > Intro to Dermatology > Flashcards

Intro to Dermatology Flashcards

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1
Q

What should you think of in puppies with hair loss?

A
  • Causes of folliculitis
  • Food allergies
  • Scabies
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2
Q

What should you think of in older dogs with hair loss or infection?

A
  • Need to rule out underlying endocrine causes
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3
Q

When do congenital or hereditary conditions start approximately?

A
  • around 8 weeks
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4
Q

What are the three main causes of folliculitis?***

KNOW THIS

A
  • Bacterial pyoderma
  • Demodicosis
  • Ringworm
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5
Q

What breeds get allergies?

A
  • Terriers
  • Labradors
  • Frenchies
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6
Q

What breed gets seborrhea?

A
  • Cocker spaniels
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7
Q

What breed gets hypothyroidism?

A
  • Doberman pinscher
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8
Q

What type of animal gets reproductive hormone endocrinopathies?

A
  • Intact animals
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9
Q

What should you think of with an intact male or a male dog with feminization features?

A
  • Sertoli cell tumor

- If they are castrated, look for a retained testicle

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10
Q

What do Blue Dobermans get?

A
  • Color dilution alopecia
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11
Q

What do lightly pigmented breeds get?

A
  • Solar dermatoses
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12
Q

What can be one of the most important aspects of diagnosing skin disease?

A
  • History
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13
Q

What questions should you ask for a history with skin disease?

A
  • Itching, and how itchy is it?
  • When did it start?
  • Seasonal or non-seasonal
  • Which comes first (itching, alopecia, pustules)?
  • Any changes at home/foods?
  • Flea medication?
  • Is anyone else affected?***
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14
Q

How should you describe dermatologic conditions?

A
  1. BE SPECIFIC (Color, size, shape, symmetry, location)
  2. Describe/think of distribution
  3. Describe severity (mild, moderate, severe)
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15
Q

Primary dermatologic lesion

A
  • Early lesions that suggest the disease process
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16
Q

Secondary dermatologic lesion

A
  • Usually late in the disease process and secondary to underlying processes or self-trauma
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17
Q

Is a macule a primary or secondary lesion?

A
  • Primary
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18
Q

Describe a macule

A
  • Circumscribed flat spot up to 1 cm

- Non-palpable

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19
Q

What is a macule?

A
  • Melanin (e.g. melanotic macule), depigmentation, erythema, local hemorrhage
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20
Q

Describe a patch

A
  • Macule >1 cm in diameter

- Same possibilities as macules (depigmentation, melanin, erythema, hemorrhage, etc.)

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21
Q

What are differentials for melanotic macules or patches?

A
  • post-inflammatory lentigo
  • early melanoma
  • Sex hormone dermatoses
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22
Q

What is lentigo simplex?

A
  • Black macules on the gums of orange cats

- These are incidental findings

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23
Q

Differentials for depigmented macules or patches?

A
  • Post-inflammatory
  • Immune-mediated (discoid lupus erythematosus)
  • Vitiligo
  • Drug eruption
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24
Q

Differentials for erythematous macules or patches?

A
  • Acute dermatitis (allergic, parasitic, bacterial, auto-immune/immune-mediated)
  • Hemorrhagic (vasculopathy or coagulopathy)
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25
Q

Are papules primary or secondary lesions?**

A

Primary

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26
Q

Describe a papule**

A
  • Solid elevation up to 1 cm
  • Often erythematous
  • Palpable
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27
Q

What is a papule?**

A
  • Infiltration of cells (neutrophils or red blood cells)
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28
Q

What type of disease process should you think of when you see a papule?**

A
  • Think INFECTION
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29
Q

Differentials for papules?***

A
  • PYODERMA
  • Parasites (Demodex, scabies, etc.)
  • Allergy (flea, food, contact)
  • feline miliary dermatitis
  • Calcinosis cutis
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30
Q

Describe a plaque

A
  • Larger, flat-topped elevation formed by extension or coalition of papules
  • Often exudative or glistening
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31
Q

Dfdx for plaques

A
  • Same as for papules and chronic inflammatory disease (pyoderma**, parasites, allergy from flea/food/contact, feline miliary dermatitis, calcinosis cutis)
  • Eosinophilic granuloma
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32
Q

Describe a pustule**

A
  • Small circumscribed elevation of skin filled with pus
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33
Q

Differentials for a pustule***

YOU NEED TO KNOW THIS**

A
  • Folliculitis (demodicosis, bacterial pyoderma, dermatophytosis), sterile eosinophilic pustulosis
  • Non-follicular (pyoderma, pemphigus foliaceus, sterile eosinophilic pustulosis, drug eruption)
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34
Q

Is a pustule primary or secondary?

A
  • Primary lesion
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35
Q

Because you should know this, what are the follicular differentials for a pustule?

A
  • demodicosis
  • bacterial pyoderma
  • dermatophytosis
  • Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis
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36
Q

Because you should know this, what are the non-follicular differentials for a pustule?

A
  • Pemphigus foliaceus
  • Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis
  • Drug eruption
  • Pyoderma
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37
Q

Describe a vesicle

A
  • Circumscribed lesion; up to 1 cm filled with clear fluid

- Rarely seen because they often rupture

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38
Q

What happens when a vesicle ruptures?

A
  • Turns into a crust
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39
Q

Is a vesicle a primary or a secondary lesion?

A
  • Primary
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40
Q

What types of disease process do clear vesicles most often suggest in small animals and large animals?

A
  • Small animal: auto-immune

- Large animal: viral

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41
Q

What should you think with hemorrhagic vesicles?

A
  • Infectious
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42
Q

Describe a bulla

A
  • Vesicle that is >1 cm
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43
Q

Describe a wheal (i.e. hives)

A
  • Circumscribed raised lesion consisting of edema
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44
Q

Time frame of wheals

A
  • Appears/disappears within minutes or hours
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45
Q

Are wheals primary or secondary lesions?

A
  • Primary
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46
Q

What is something you must differentiate from wheals or hives?

A
  • Pyoderma or folliculitis
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47
Q

How can you differentiate pyoderma/folliculitis from wheals/hives?

A
  • If the hives don’t go away after treatment with anti-inflammatory medications
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48
Q

Differentials for wheals

A
  • Urticaria
  • Insect bites
  • Positive reaction on intradermal skin test
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49
Q

Urticaria

A
  • basically hives?
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50
Q

Describe a nodule**

A
  • Circumscribed solid elevation >1 cm

- Results from massive infiltration of inflammatory or neoplastic cells into the dermis or subcutis

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51
Q

Differentials for nodules**

A
  • Infectious disease
  • Neoplasia
  • Sterile causes (that’s then being traumatized)
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52
Q

What is a tumor?

A
  • Neoplastic enlargement of any structure of the skin
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53
Q

Is a nodule a primary or secondary dermatopathy?

A
  • Primary
54
Q

Is a tumor a primary or secondary dermatopathy?

A
  • Primary
55
Q

Differentials for tumor

A
  • Infectious
  • Sterile
  • Neoplasia
56
Q

What is a cyst?

A
  • A cyst is an epithelial-lined cavity with fluid or solid material
57
Q

Is a cyst a primary or secondary lesion?

A
  • Primary
58
Q

What are some examples of things that cysts can be filled with, and what will it look like??

A
  • keratin (toothpaste like)
  • Apocrine (fluid)
  • Sebaceous
59
Q

Differentials for a cyst?

A
  • Follicular (inclusion) cyst
  • Apocrine sweat gland cyst
  • Sebaceous cyst (rare)
60
Q

Are secondary lesions specific?

A
  • No, they are not specific for the disease causing them
61
Q

What causes secondary lesions most often?

A
  • Inflammation or self-trauma
62
Q

Describe epidermal collarettes***

A
  • Circular area of alopecia with loose keratin (scale) around the periphery
63
Q

Are epidermal collarettes primary or secondary?

A
  • Footprint of pyoderma
64
Q

What diseases do epidermal collarettes often suggest?

A
  • Pyoderma or infection

- Could be allergy too

65
Q

What do epidermal collarettes often get confused as?

A
  • Dermatophytosis
66
Q

How can you help distinguish epidermal collarettes from dermatophytosis?

A
  • Dermatophytosis is often more erythematous and ring-like

- Epidermal collarettes are more ring-like and hyperpigmented

67
Q

Differentials for epidermal collarettes?**

A
  • Bacterial pyoderma**
  • Less often: autoimmune or immune-mediated; dermatophytosis, demodex
  • Think about your folliculitis differentials
68
Q

Describe crusts**

A
  • Dried exudate composed of serum, pus, blood, cells, scales, medications on surface of skin
  • It’s not a scab! (slash it is but don’t call it that!)
69
Q

Are crusts primary or secondary lesions?

A
  • They are secondary lesions
70
Q

Differentials for hemorrhagic crusts?

A
  • Self trauma
  • Pyoderma
  • Demodex
  • Dermatophytosis
  • Parasites
  • Auto-immune
71
Q

Differentials for yellow crusts?

A
  • Pyoderma
  • Pemphigus foliaceus
  • Distribution can help you
72
Q

Differentials for crusts on the footpads?

A
  • Pemphigus foliaceus
  • Zinc responsive dermatophytosis
  • Hepatocutaneous syndrome
  • Distemper
73
Q

Describe a scar?

A
  • Area of fibrous tissue that has replaced the damaged dermis or subcutis
  • Alopecic
  • Depigmented
  • Atrophic
74
Q

Are scars primary or secondary lesions?

A
  • Secondary
75
Q

Differentials for a scar?

A
  • Previous severe damage to the skin
76
Q

Describe an excoriation

A
  • LINEAR superficial removal of epidermis by scratching, biting, rubbing
  • Usually self-induced
  • Can be erosions or ulcers
77
Q

Differentials for excoriation

A
  • Self-trauma
78
Q

What do excoriations suggest about a patient?

A
  • That the patient is itchy
79
Q

Are excoriations primary or secondary?

A

Secondary

80
Q

Describe an erosion

A
  • Break in the continuity of the epidermis

- Does not penetrate basement membrane zone

81
Q

How does an erosion heal?

A
  • Without scarring
82
Q

Differentials for erosions?

A
  • SElf trauma from allergies or ectoparasites

- Auto-immune/immune-mediated

83
Q

Describe an ulcer?

A
  • Deeper break in the epidermis that penetrates the dermis
84
Q

Does an ulcer heal with or without scarring?

A
  • Heals with scarring
85
Q

Are ulcers primary or secondary?

A
  • They are secondary
86
Q

Ulcer differential diagnoses

A
  • Severe trauma
  • Deep pyoderma
  • Fungal
  • Neoplasia
  • Autoimmune/immune-mediated
  • Eosinophilic granuloma complex
87
Q

Describe lichenification

A
  • Thickened, hardened skin with exaggerated superficial skin markings
  • “elephant skin”
  • Typically hyperpigmented
88
Q

What does lichenification suggest about the timeline of a disease?

A
  • Chronicity
89
Q

Differential diagnoses for lichenification

A
  • Chronic trauma (usually secondary to pruritus), chronic inflammatory/infectious changes
90
Q

What are animals with lichenification often secondarily infected with?

A
  • Pyoderma (surface)

- Yeast

91
Q

Is lichenification primary or secondary?

A
  • Often secondary
92
Q

Describe hyperkeratosis

A
  • Increase in the thickness of the cornified layer of the skin
93
Q

Differentials for hyperkeratosis if it’s on the nose, elbows, feet pads?

A
  • Old age change, callus
94
Q

Differentials for hyperkeratosis if it’s on the feet pads?

A
  • Pemphigus foliaceus
  • Zinc responsive dermatosis
  • Hepatocutaneous syndrome
  • Distemper
95
Q

Describe a fissure?

A
  • Linear damage into epidermis that may extend into the dermis
  • Can be single or multiple
96
Q

Where do fissures tend to occur?

A
  • Ear margins

- Ocular, nasal, oral, anal mucocutaneous borders

97
Q

Differentials for fissures

A
  • trauma or disease
  • Distemper
  • Auto-immune
  • Immune-mediated (vasculitis)
98
Q

Describe a callus

A
  • Thickened, hyperkeratotic, lichenified plaque over bony prominences from chronic friction
99
Q

Where do calluses form?

A
  • Elbows, hocks, hips, and sternum

- Bony prominences

100
Q

Are calluses primary or secondary?

A
  • Secondary
101
Q

Are fissures primary or secondary?

A
  • Secondary
102
Q

Is alopecia primary or secondary?

A
  • Can be either
103
Q

Describe alopecia

A
  • Baldness, absence of hair from skin where it is normally present
  • Can be patchy (moth eaten)
  • Complete
104
Q

With what diseases can alopecia be primary?

A
  • Endocrinopathies
105
Q

With what diseases can alopecia be secondary?

A
  • Pyoderma*
  • Demodex*
  • Dermatophytosis
106
Q

Differentials for multifocal alopecia?

A
  • Pyoderma*
  • Demodex*
  • Dermatophytosis*
  • Sebaceous adenitis
  • Self-trauma
107
Q

Differentials for symmetrical alopecia?

A
  • Endocrinopathies**
  • Telogen defluxion
  • Anagen defluxion
  • Follicular dysplasias
  • Alopecia X
  • Self trauma
108
Q

Describe a scale

A
  • Accumulation of loose fragments of cornified layer of skin
  • Consistency and color may vary (oily, waxy, dry; yellow, white, brown)
109
Q

Is a scale primary or secondary?

A
  • Can be either
110
Q

Differentials for scales

A
  • Investigate skin closely for pyoderma; otherwise consider causes of seborrhea
111
Q

Causes of seborrhea

A
  • Ichthyosis

- Primary idiopathic seborrhea

112
Q

Describe follicular casts

A
  • Accumulation of keratin and follicular material that adheres to the hair shaft
113
Q

Differentials for follicular casts

A
  • Causes of folliculitis (dermatophytes, bacterial pyoderma, demodex)
  • Sebaceous adenitis
  • Vitamin A responsive dermatosis, primary seborrhea
114
Q

Are follicular casts primary or secondary?

A
  • Either
115
Q

Describe hyperpigmentation

A
  • Increased epidermal and sometimes dermal melanin
116
Q

Differentials for hyperpigmentation

A
  • Post-inflammatory trauma
  • Endocrine disease
  • Lentigo
  • End result of an epidermal collarette
117
Q

Is hyperpigmentation primary or secondary?

A
  • Can be either
118
Q

Describe hypopigmentation

A
  • Loss of epidermal melanin
119
Q

Differentials for hypopigmentation

A
  • Post-inflammatory
  • Immune-mediated
  • Vitiligo
  • Leukoderma
  • Discoid lupus erythematosus
120
Q

Is hypopigmentation primary or secondary?

A
  • Either
121
Q

Describe comedomes?

A
  • Dilated hair follicle filled with keratin and sebaceous debris
122
Q

Differentials for comedomes (and which should be #1)?

A
  • Demodex***
  • Endocrine
  • Feline acne
  • Seborrhea
123
Q

What should you think if you see lesions on the ventrum?

A
  • Pyoderma
124
Q

What should you think if you see lesions on the head?

A
  • Demodicosis
125
Q

What should you think if you see lesions on the ear tips?

A
  • Scabies

- Vasculitis

126
Q

What should you think if the lesions are on the face/muzzle/head/hears?

A
  • Pemphigus foliaceus
127
Q

What should you think if the lesions on the flanks and tail tip?

A
  • Endocrine
128
Q

What should you think for itching/licking paws/overgrooming?

A
  • Allergies/infections until proven otherwise
129
Q

What should you do diagnostically for a pustule?

A
  • Think folliculitis (bacterial, pyoderma, demodex, dermatophytosis)
  • Multiple skin scrapings
  • Cytology
  • +/- fungal culture
130
Q

How should you determine a therapeutic plan?

A
  • Interpret your diagnostic test results (e.g. negative skin scrapings or cytology showing PMNs with intracellular bacterial cocci)
  • Always think of the patient (severity and distribution of lesions)
  • Address the client’s primary complaint
131
Q

What are the most common client complaints?

A
  • Itching

- Skin/ear infections

Dermatology (15 decks)

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