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Intro to dawanian eveloution Flashcards

1
Q

evolution

A

accumulation of inhertied ( in the genes) changes within populations over time

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2
Q

population

A

some species same area same time

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3
Q

evolution is not changes

A

NOT changes in an individuals in its lifetime

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4
Q

Evelotion leads to

A

changes in characterisitcs of populations over many generations

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5
Q

Microeveloution

A

short term adaptions to changes in the enviorment

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6
Q

macroeveloution

A

long term formation of different species from common species due to changes in the environment

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7
Q

descent

A

going through these populations experience changes or modifications

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8
Q

Lamark was completly

A

completly wrong

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9
Q

what did Lamarck think (main)

A

he thought organisms undergo changes due to nature and not god

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10
Q

Lamark also thought (2nd)

A

organisms endowed with vital force to change toward complexity or become more simple over time

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11
Q

Lamark also tought (3rd)

A

organsims could pass traits acquired during there lifetimes to their offspring

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12
Q

Lamarks main experimetn

A

Girraffes neck streteches overtime (in a sing lifetime) to reach trees

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13
Q

lamark was discredited after

A

heredity was discovered

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14
Q

acquired characteristics

A

this can happen to one organism in its lifetime

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15
Q

Lamark also belived (4)

A

he said characteristics can change due to the use or disuse of a body part

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16
Q

malthus beliefs

A

-population growth not alway desirable. to big pop. can lead to outstrip of food supply.famine,disease, and war can cause the struggle of existence.

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17
Q

lyells belifs

A

if it takes so long for organisms to evolve it shows evidence of an older earth

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18
Q

Darwin rode what boat

A

HMS beagle to south america for 5 years with a partner

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19
Q

nutralist

A

darwin is one , they study plants animals,fossils and geology

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20
Q

what did darwin do on galapagos island

A

compared species to mainland and other galapagos islands

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21
Q

Artificial selection

A

AKA selective breeding
breeders (humans) develop varaties of diff traits in a few generations

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22
Q

Darwin did artifical selection with what and how did he use it

A

dogs,plants
similar process can behappning in nature and darwin used it to model instead of humans are selecting traits for a species enviorment does

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23
Q

What did darwin find main pts

A

-unity of life
-diversity of life
-relationships between organism and enviorment

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24
Q

favorable variation

A

or phenotypes of diff species would be preserved in gens and unfavorable will be elimnated over time

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25
adaption
eveloutionary modification that improves the chances of survival and reprodouctive sucess in a give enviorment
26
many modifications in a species can lead to
a new species
27
mechanism of eveloution
natural selection (darwin)
28
Natural selection
better adapted organisms are more likely to survive and become parents . population changes over time,frequency of a favorable traits increse with each generation
29
darwins 4 observation of natural selection
1 variation 2 overprodouction 3 limits on population growth 4 diffrential reproductive success
30
variation
each individual is unique some advantageous traits has to be inherited
31
overproduction
each species can prodouce more offspting then can survive
32
limits of population growth
(struggle for existence) more individualss then resources____. competion (advantageous traits can help avoid comp,)
33
diffrential reproductive success
(survival of the fittest)better adapted individuals will survive and reproduce
34
fittnes
how many fertile offspring you can contribute to next gen.(measure of reproductive success)
35
name the 6 types of evidence for evolution
-fossil records -comparative anatomy -biogeography -developmental biology -molecular/DNA evidence -mathematical evidence
36
species with more similarities are
most likely related and have more chances of having the same ancestors
37
species with less similarities
they are less likely to be related
38
fossils
remains/traces preserved from previously existing organisms
39
fossils are mostly made in____ but they are also made in
sedimentary rocks but also bogs,tar,amber,ice
40
making fossils are _____ or _____
slowly made or prevents decaying
41
sedimentary cover fossils
quickly with sand and water
42
hard body parts
are most likely fossilized
43
fossil records are biased because
Not all organisms are equally protected from destruction after death, are made of structures that fossilize well some organism body parts are to soft, or die in environments that are likely to lead to fossilization liek near water or in water (sedimentary rock). there are also sometimes a lack of transitional fossils due to big events that can cause more or less fossilization to happen .
44
Dating fossils (age)
comparing position in rock
45
2 types of way to date fossils
relative age absolute age
46
relative age
position in rock
47
index fossil
are fossils of organisms that lived over a wide area and existed for just a short period of time. Index fossils help scientists match rock layers. Two rock layers in different places that contain the same index fossil are about the same age. if fossils are found under the index fossil its older if it found over the index fossil its newer
48
in sedimentary rock
layers can shift and water gets displaced
49
Absolute age
how old a fossil is in actual years to figure it out they use radioisotopes to calculate half lives of fossils by seeing how much of the radioisotopes is left in the fossil
50
radioisotopes are q
emits radiation and have longer half lives compared to regular elements, in these isotopes nucleus will change into nucleus of a different element which decays. main types of radioisotopes are potassium-40,uranium-235,carbon-14
51
half life
time required for 1/2 of the atoms to change to a different atom
52
comparative anatomy types
comparing anatomy of two animals (species) homologous structure homoplastic features
53
homologous structure
features derived from same structure but diffrent functions in a common ancestor
54
homeoplastic features (AKA analogus features)
structure are diffrent (evolved seperatly) but the functions are similar this shows species are distantly related and the species are living in similar environmental pressures
55
vestigial stuructures
organs or parts of organs that are seemingly nonfunctional or degenerate,undersized or lacking some essential parts ex. kiwi birds have wing joints that dont work and doesn'tn have wings
56
vestegial usually are'nt harmful
so selective pressures get rid of the traits are very unlikely (its neutral)
57
biogeography
study of past and present geographical distribution of organism. not all animals/plants found in all environments where they could survive. new species can spread from where the originated
58
continental drift
pangea (super continent)
59
developmental biology
embryo evidence genetic similarities reflect shared evolutionary history (mainly looked at in vertebrates) ex. segmentation,gill pouches,aortic arches similarities shows evidence of a potential common ancestors
60
Molecular evidence AKA DNA evidence
used DNA to confirm similarities or find new relations. confirms similarties in structure. uses the universal genetic code (ACTG)
61
similar amino acid sequnces and proties and nucleotids can prove
common ancestors
62
pholygenetic tree
digrams showing lines of descent (bases of chracterisitc traits) top older bottom newwer
63
evelotuon is happening
NOW it can be observed in our lifetime soapberry bugs beaks became smaller as time went
64
natural selection gives species
resistance not immunity (MRSA)

Evolution (3 decks)

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