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Evolution > Intro to dawanian eveloution > Flashcards

Intro to dawanian eveloution Flashcards

1
Q

evolution

A

accumulation of inhertied ( in the genes) changes within populations over time

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2
Q

population

A

some species same area same time

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3
Q

evolution is not changes

A

NOT changes in an individuals in its lifetime

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4
Q

Evelotion leads to

A

changes in characterisitcs of populations over many generations

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5
Q

Microeveloution

A

short term adaptions to changes in the enviorment

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6
Q

macroeveloution

A

long term formation of different species from common species due to changes in the environment

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7
Q

descent

A

going through these populations experience changes or modifications

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8
Q

Lamark was completly

A

completly wrong

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9
Q

what did Lamarck think (main)

A

he thought organisms undergo changes due to nature and not god

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10
Q

Lamark also thought (2nd)

A

organisms endowed with vital force to change toward complexity or become more simple over time

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11
Q

Lamark also tought (3rd)

A

organsims could pass traits acquired during there lifetimes to their offspring

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12
Q

Lamarks main experimetn

A

Girraffes neck streteches overtime (in a sing lifetime) to reach trees

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13
Q

lamark was discredited after

A

heredity was discovered

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14
Q

acquired characteristics

A

this can happen to one organism in its lifetime

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15
Q

Lamark also belived (4)

A

he said characteristics can change due to the use or disuse of a body part

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16
Q

malthus beliefs

A

-population growth not alway desirable. to big pop. can lead to outstrip of food supply.famine,disease, and war can cause the struggle of existence.

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17
Q

lyells belifs

A

if it takes so long for organisms to evolve it shows evidence of an older earth

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18
Q

Darwin rode what boat

A

HMS beagle to south america for 5 years with a partner

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19
Q

nutralist

A

darwin is one , they study plants animals,fossils and geology

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20
Q

what did darwin do on galapagos island

A

compared species to mainland and other galapagos islands

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21
Q

Artificial selection

A

AKA selective breeding
breeders (humans) develop varaties of diff traits in a few generations

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22
Q

Darwin did artifical selection with what and how did he use it

A

dogs,plants
similar process can behappning in nature and darwin used it to model instead of humans are selecting traits for a species enviorment does

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23
Q

What did darwin find main pts

A

-unity of life
-diversity of life
-relationships between organism and enviorment

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24
Q

favorable variation

A

or phenotypes of diff species would be preserved in gens and unfavorable will be elimnated over time

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25
Q

adaption

A

eveloutionary modification that improves the chances of survival and reprodouctive sucess in a give enviorment

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26
Q

many modifications in a species can lead to

A

a new species

27
Q

mechanism of eveloution

A

natural selection (darwin)

28
Q

Natural selection

A

better adapted organisms are more likely to survive and become parents . population changes over time,frequency of a favorable traits increse with each generation

29
Q

darwins 4 observation of natural selection

A

1 variation
2 overprodouction
3 limits on population growth
4 diffrential reproductive success

30
Q

variation

A

each individual is unique
some advantageous traits has to be inherited

31
Q

overproduction

A

each species can prodouce more offspting then can survive

32
Q

limits of population growth

A

(struggle for existence) more individualss then resources____. competion (advantageous traits can help avoid comp,)

33
Q

diffrential reproductive success

A

(survival of the fittest)better adapted individuals will survive and reproduce

34
Q

fittnes

A

how many fertile offspring you can contribute to next gen.(measure of reproductive success)

35
Q

name the 6 types of evidence for evolution

A

-fossil records
-comparative anatomy
-biogeography
-developmental biology
-molecular/DNA evidence
-mathematical evidence

36
Q

species with more similarities are

A

most likely related and have more chances of having the same ancestors

37
Q

species with less similarities

A

they are less likely to be related

38
Q

fossils

A

remains/traces preserved from previously existing organisms

39
Q

fossils are mostly made in____ but they are also made in

A

sedimentary rocks but also bogs,tar,amber,ice

40
Q

making fossils are _____ or _____

A

slowly made or prevents decaying

41
Q

sedimentary cover fossils

A

quickly with sand and water

42
Q

hard body parts

A

are most likely fossilized

43
Q

fossil records are biased because

A

Not all organisms are equally protected from destruction after death, are made of structures that fossilize well some organism body parts are to soft, or die in environments that are likely to lead to fossilization liek near water or in water (sedimentary rock). there are also sometimes a lack of transitional fossils due to big events that can cause more or less fossilization to happen .

44
Q

Dating fossils (age)

A

comparing position in rock

45
Q

2 types of way to date fossils

A

relative age
absolute age

46
Q

relative age

A

position in rock

47
Q

index fossil

A

are fossils of organisms that lived over a wide area and existed for just a short period of time. Index fossils help scientists match rock layers. Two rock layers in different places that contain the same index fossil are about the same age.

if fossils are found under the index fossil its older if it found over the index fossil its newer

48
Q

in sedimentary rock

A

layers can shift and water gets displaced

49
Q

Absolute age

A

how old a fossil is in actual years
to figure it out they use radioisotopes to calculate half lives of fossils by seeing how much of the radioisotopes is left in the fossil

50
Q

radioisotopes are q

A

emits radiation and have longer half lives compared to regular elements, in these isotopes nucleus will change into nucleus of a different element which decays. main types of radioisotopes are potassium-40,uranium-235,carbon-14

51
Q

half life

A

time required for 1/2 of the atoms to change to a different atom

52
Q

comparative anatomy types

A

comparing anatomy of two animals (species)
homologous structure
homoplastic features

53
Q

homologous structure

A

features derived from same structure but diffrent functions in a common ancestor

54
Q

homeoplastic features (AKA analogus features)

A

structure are diffrent (evolved seperatly) but the functions are similar this shows species are distantly related and the species are living in similar environmental pressures

55
Q

vestigial stuructures

A

organs or parts of organs that are seemingly nonfunctional or degenerate,undersized or lacking some essential parts

ex. kiwi birds have wing joints that dont work and doesn’tn have wings

56
Q

vestegial usually are’nt harmful

A

so selective pressures get rid of the traits are very unlikely (its neutral)

57
Q

biogeography

A

study of past and present geographical distribution of organism. not all animals/plants found in all environments where they could survive. new species can spread from where the originated

58
Q

continental drift

A

pangea (super continent)

59
Q

developmental biology

A

embryo evidence genetic similarities reflect shared evolutionary history (mainly looked at in vertebrates)

ex.
segmentation,gill pouches,aortic arches

similarities shows evidence of a potential common ancestors

60
Q

Molecular evidence AKA DNA evidence

A

used DNA to confirm similarities or find new relations. confirms similarties in structure. uses the universal genetic code (ACTG)

61
Q

similar amino acid sequnces and proties and nucleotids can prove

A

common ancestors

62
Q

pholygenetic tree

A

digrams showing lines of descent (bases of chracterisitc traits) top older bottom newwer

63
Q

evelotuon is happening

A

NOW it can be observed in our lifetime

soapberry bugs beaks became smaller as time went

64
Q

natural selection gives species

A

resistance not immunity (MRSA)

Evolution (3 decks)

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