evolutionary change in populations

Question 1

understand this slide 3

Answer 1

the charts

Question 2

Population genetics

Answer 2

study of genetic variability within a population and of the forces (the 5 factors) that act on it

Question 3

variability in evolution is the

Answer 3

prerequisite of eveloution

Question 4

does all 5 factors have to be met for there to be proof evolutionary change happening

Answer 4

yesss

Question 5

what are the 5 factors responsible for evolutionary change

Answer 5

-nonrandom mating (mate choice,AKA sexual selection)
-mutation (change in DNA sequence)
-genetic drift
-gene flow
-natural selection

Question 6

basis of evolution is

Answer 6

genetics

Question 7

we study eveloution in

Answer 7

population not individuals

Question 8

variation is needed

Answer 8

for natural selection

Question 9

variations are due to

Answer 9

enviorment (selects variation)
and heredity

Question 10

gene pools

Answer 10

all alleles for all genes present in the population

Question 11

what is a gene pool used to compare

Answer 11

-genotype frequency
-phenotype frequency
-Allele frequency

Question 12

frequncy is

Answer 12

how many they are to the whole

Question 13

example of genotype frequncy

Answer 13

percentage of genotype of the whole

Question 14

example of phenotype frequncy

Answer 14

how many red or pink pigs of the populations

Question 15

example of a allele frequency

Answer 15

Allele how many big A or little a of a gene pool

Question 16

Hardy weinberg created the mathematical model

Answer 16

genetic equilibrium which acts like a null hypothesis or like a basis

Question 17

genetic equiblibrium

Answer 17

allele and genotypes frequencies do not change between generations (no eveloution)

Question 18

Genetic equilibrium is

Answer 18

rare and it doesn’t happen in nature but can be done in the lab

Question 19

genetic equilibrium creates a model for

Answer 19

comparing anything different from genetic equilibrium shows evolution happening

Question 20

H-W formulas (don’t have to memorize but should know how to use)

Answer 20

Alleles=P+Q=1
Individuals= P^2+2pq+q^2=1

Question 21

P

Answer 21

dominant

Question 22

q

Answer 22

recessive

Question 23

P^2

Answer 23

homozygous dominant

Question 24

2qp

Answer 24

heterozygous dominant

Question 25

q^2

Answer 25

homozygous recessive

Question 26

practice math

Answer 26

H-W formulas

Question 27

Conditions of Hardy-weinberg

Answer 27

1.random mating 2. not net mutations 3.large populations size 4.no migration 5.no natural selection (opp of evolutionary change all 5 has to happen for proof of equilibrium)

Question 28

microevolution

Answer 28

generation to generation changes in allele or genotype frequencies within a population

Question 29

2 types of nonrandom mating

Answer 29

inbreeding (plants) assortative breeding ( sexual selection)

Question 30

mutations can be

Answer 30

good,bad or harmless (neutral)

Question 31

less variation decreases

Answer 31

chance to change (evolove) for survival

Question 32

founder effect

Answer 32

small group from main species leave species (randomly) and starts " a new colony" (new habitat)

Question 33

founder effect decreases

Answer 33

pop.size size of gene pool genetic variation

Question 34

genetic drift meaning

Answer 34

occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, with the result that the new population's gene pool is not reflective of the original population

Question 35

conservation biology

Answer 35

restoration of species..... needed if there is a loss of alleles reduced variation reduces adaptability because the population in the species is to small breeding programs must consciously outcross

Question 36

bottleneck event is mainly caused by

Answer 36

natural events

Question 37

bottleneck events are

Answer 37

random chance on which lives and which die but there are much less that are alive so a smaller population which leads to. smaller pop.size.gene pool,genetic variation

Question 38

extinction vertex

Answer 38

downward spiral of population decline unique to small populations.

Question 39

What is the key factor driving the extinction vortex?

Answer 39

the loss of genetic diversity necessary to enable evolutionary responses to environmental change most of the genes are to similar

Question 40

people will put animals with a higher genetic variability because

Answer 40

it can increases adaptability and take away the vortex

Question 41

gene flow

Answer 41

the movement of alleles between population through movement of individuals or gametes that incorporate into the next generation.

Question 42

gene flow does not

Answer 42

always benefit pop. but it can at times

Question 43

natural selection is

Answer 43

a blending of sorting and chanace

Question 44

3 types of natural selection

Answer 44

stabilizing selection directional selection disruptive selection

Question 45

stabilizing selection

Answer 45

intermediate phenotype (slide 24)

Question 46

directional selection

Answer 46

1 extreme phenotype (slide 24)

Question 47

disruptive selection

Answer 47

favors (both) phenotypic extremes

Question 48

effects of selection

Answer 48

changes in the average trait of population

Question 49

Genetic variation is necessary for

Answer 49

natural selection

Question 50

sources of variation

Answer 50

mutations and sexual reproduction

Question 51

two way ssexual reproduction affects variation

Answer 51

meiosis and random union of gametes

Question 52

how does meiosis affect variation

Answer 52

crossing over independent assortment

Question 53

balance polymorphism

Answer 53

an occurrence where different phenotypes are maintained at relatively stable frequencies in the population.

Question 54

type of genetic polymorphism

Answer 54

presence in a population of 2+ alleles for given locus variation

Question 55

2+ alleles persist in a population over many generations because

Answer 55

of natural selection

Question 56

2 types of polymorphism

Answer 56

heterozygote advantage frequency-dependent selection

Question 57

heterozygote advantage ex.

Answer 57

sickle cell

Question 58

frequency-dependent solution example

Answer 58

more value then rule

Question 59

heterozygous advantage Sickle cell example

Answer 59

Aa (cant get malaria but dont have sickle cell disease)

Question 60

gene flow sickle cell ex.

Answer 60

sickle cell presist in malaria and gene flows when ppl travel

Question 61

its and advantage to be

Answer 61

rare

Question 62

rare and more value ex fish

Answer 62

if you have right mouth but most of them have left less comp. to eat of the right side of fish

Question 63

neutral variation

Answer 63

variation that does not alter the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce so is not adaptive