Intro to CPH Flashcards
Derived from hal (hale, sound, whole)
Health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease and infirmity
(World Health Organization)
Health
A dynamic state or condition of the
human organism that is
multidimensional in nature, a resource
for living, and results from a person’s
interactions with and adaptations to his
or her environment; therefore, it can
exist in varying degrees and is specific to
each individual and his or her situation
Health
Five Domains of Health
Gestational Endowments (Genetic
makeup)
Social Circumstances (education, employment, income, poverty, housing, crime and social cohesion)
Environmental Conditions (toxic
agents, microbial agents, and
structural hazards)
Behavioral Choices (diet, physical
activity, substance use and abuse)
Available quality of medical care
A collective body of individuals
identified by common characteristics
such as geography,
Community
- sense of identity and
belonging
Membership
similar
language, rituals and ceremonies
Common symbol systems
community
members have influence and are
influenced by each other
Mutual influence
Shared members share common history experience and mutual support
shared emotional connection
a place where
people provide leadership in
assessing their own resources and needs, where public health and social
infrastructure and policies support health, and where essential public health
services, including quality health care, are
available
Healthy Community
The science and art of preventing
disease, prolonging life, and
promoting health through the organized
efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private
communities, and individuals (CEA
Winslow)
Public Health
Actions that society takes collectively
to ensure that the conditions in which
people can be healthy
Public Health
Prevention, treatment, and management of
illness and the preservation of mental and
physical well-being through the services
offered by medical and allied health
professions; also known as health care
Clinical Care
Factor that contributes to the generation of a
trait
Determinant
Occurrence in a community or region of
cases of an illness, specific health-related
behavior, or other health-related event
clearly in excess of normal expectancy. Both terms are used interchangeably;
however, epidemic usually refers to a larger
geographic distribution of illness or health-
related events
Epidemic or Outbreak
Result of a medical condition that directly
affects the length or quality of a person’s life
Health Outcome
Action of Ministration that produces an effect
or is intended to alter the course of a
pathologic process
Intervention
Action of Ministration that produces an effect
or is intended to alter the course of a
pathologic process
Intervention
Denoting a disease affecting or attacking the
population of an extensive region, country or
continent
Pandemic
Approach to health that aims to improves the
health of an entire population
Population Health
Action so as to ab=void, forestall,or circumvent a happening, conclusion, or phenomenon eg diease
Prevention
those activities undertaken within
the formal structure of
government and the associated
efforts of private and voluntary
organizations and individuals
Public Health System
the health status of a defined group
of people and the actions and
conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health
Community Health
describes health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend
national boundaries, may be
influenced by circumstances or
experiences in other countries, and
are best addressed by cooperative
actions and solutions
Global Health
individual actions and decision- making that affect the health of an
individual or his or her immediate family
members or friends
Choosing to eat wisely, to regularly
wear a safety belt, and to visit the
physician
Personal Health Activities
activities that are aimed at protecting
or improving the health of a population
or community
Maintenance of accurate birth and
death records, protection of the food
and water supply, and participating
in fund drives for voluntary health
organizations
Community and Public Health Activities
Tropical countries where warm, humid
temperatures and rain prevail throughout
the year = parasitic and infectious
disease
Geography
Temperate climates with fewer parasitic
and infectious diseases and a more than
adequate supply = obesity and heart
disease
Geography
Many experts believe that if we continue
to allow uncontrolled population growth
and continue to deplete nonrenewable natural resources, succeeding
generations will inhabit communities that
are less desirable than ours
Environment
Many feel that we must accept
responsibility for this stewardship and
drastically reduce the rate at which we
foul the soil, water, and air
Environment
The larger the community, the greater its
range of health problems and the greater
its number of health resources
The ability of a community to effectively
plan, organize, and utilize its resources
can determine whether its size can be
used to good advantage
Community Size
It provides a
community with added resources for
community health programs, but it may
bring with it environmental pollution and
occupational injuries and illnesses
Industrial Development
The __ of those in a community about
such specific health behaviors as
exercise and smoking can influence
policy makers on whether or not they
will spend money on bike lanes on the
roads and recreational bike trails and
work toward no-smoking ordinances.
Beliefs
__ toward no-smoking ordinances. Prejudices of one specific ethnic or
racial group against another can result
in acts of violence and crime
Prejudice
An economic downturn means lower
tax revenues (fewer tax dollars) and
fewer contributions to charitable groups. Such actions will result in fewer dollars
being available for programs such as
welfare, food stamps, community
health care, and other community
services
Economy
Those who happen to be in political office
can improve or jeopardize the health
of their community by the decisions
(i.e., laws and ordinances) they make
State and local politicians also influence
the health of their communities each
time they vote on health-related
measures brought before them
Politics
Some religious communities limit the
type of medical treatment their
members may receive. Some do not
permit immunizations; others do not
permit their members to be treated by
physicians. Still others prohibit certain
foods
Religion
Some religious communities limit the
type of medical treatment their
members may receive. Some do not
permit immunizations; others do not
permit their members to be treated by
physicians. Still others prohibit certain
foods
Religion
Some religious communities actively
address moral and ethical issues such
as abortion, premarital intercourse, and
homosexuality. Still other religions teach
health-promoting codes of living to their
members
religion
The influence of social norms on
community and public health can be
positive or negative and can change over
time.
Social Norm
The influence of social norms on
community and public health can be
positive or negative and can change over
time.
Social Norm
Differences in SES whether defined by
education, employment, or income, both
individual- and community-level
socioeconomic status have independent
effects on health
There is a strong correlation between
SES and health status—individuals in
lower SES groups, regardless of other
characteristics, have poorer health status
Socioeconomic Status
The more individuals who become immunized
against a specific communicable disease, the
slower the disease will spread and the fewer
people will be exposed. This concept is
known as herd immunity
Individual Behaviors
It is the process by which community groups
are helped to identify common problems or
change targets, mobilize resources, and
develop and implement strategies for reaching
their collective goals
Community Organization
If a community can organize its resources
effectively into a unified force, it is likely to
produce benefits in the form of increased
effectiveness and productivity by reducing
duplication of efforts and avoiding the imposition of solutions that are not congruent
with the local culture and needs
Community Organization
According to the __, As the nation’s leader in health, we are
committed to guarantee equitable, accessible and quality health
services for all Filipinos
Department of Health
According to the __ Public health aims to provide maximum
benefit for the largest number of people
World Health
Organization,
Prior to 2000 BCE - Archeological
findings provide evidence of sewage
disposal with written medical
prescriptions
Circa 1900 BCE - Perhaps earliest
written record of public health was the
Code of Hammurabi; included laws for
physicians and health practices
Circa 1500 BCE - Bible’s book of
Leviticus written; includes guidelines for
personal cleanliness and sanitation
Early Civilizations
Ancient Societies (before 500 B.C.E)
Evidence that Greek men participated in
games of strength and skill and swam in
public facilities
Greeks were involved in practice of
community sanitation; involved in
obtaining water from sources far away
and not just local wells
Romans were community minded;
improved on community sanitation of
Greeks; built aqueducts to transport water
from miles away, built sewer systems, created regulation for building
construction, refuse removal, and street
cleaning and repair, created hospitals as
infirmaries for slaves
Christians created hospitals as
benevolent charitable organizations
476 CE - Roman Empire fell and most
public health activities ceased
Classical Cultures (500 BCE - 500 CE)
Fifth and sixth centuries BCE
500 - 1500 CE (Dark Ages) - Growing
revulsion for Roman materialism and a growth
of spirituality; health problems were
considered to have both spiritual causes
and spiritual solutions, a time referred to as
the spiritual era of public health
All Failure to take into account the role of the
physical and biological environment in the
causation of communicable diseases resulted
in many unrelenting epidemics in which
millions suffered and died
543 CE and 1348 CE (Black Death) - Deadliest epidemics were from plague
that killed 25 million; half of population of
London lost and in some parts of France
only 1 in 10 survived
1200 CE - More than 19,000 leper
houses
Other epidemics of the period: Smallpox, diphtheria, measles, influenza,
tuberculosis, anthrax, and trachoma
1492 CE - Syphilis epidemic was last
epidemic of the period
Middle Ages
Rebirth of thinking about the nature of world
and humankind
Belief that disease was caused by
environmental, not spiritual, factors; for
example, the term malaria, meaning bad air, is
a direct reference to humid or swampy air
Observation of ill led to more accurate
descriptions of symptoms and outcomes of
diseases; observations led to first recognition
of whooping cough, typhus, scarlet fever, and
malaria as distinct and separate diseases
1662 - John Graunt published the
Observations on the Bills of Mortality, which was the beginning of vital statistics
Epidemics (smallpox, malaria, and plague) still
rampant; plague epidemic killes 68,596 (15%
of the population) in London 1665
Explorers, conquerors, and merchants and
their crews spread disease to colonists and
indigenous people throughout the New
World
Renaissance and Exploration
500 million infected worldwide in 1918
Influenza
Vaccine introduced in 1955
Eradication initiative launched in 1988
Polio
34 million living with HIV worldwide
20% decline in new infections since 2001
HIV
300 million+ cases
5 million+ deaths
COVID-19
Plague used as a weapon of war during
the Siege of Kaffa
Biological Warfare
The world’s first written health code
Book of Leviticus
Laws banning smoking in public places
Tobacco Laws
Food labeling and promotion of physical
activity
Obesity
Ancient Filipinos regarded health as a
harmonious relationship with the environment, both natural and supernatural
They put faith in nature
Pre-Spanish Era (Before 1565)
are the mediators between
physical and spiritual world, also called as
the healers in the community
Babaylans
Disharmony of spiritual world is
believed to be the cause of
disease
San Lazaro church and hospital represents
early medical healthcare in the Spanish era
Establishment and administration of some of
the first health institutions in the country were
also accomplished by Spanish Friars
Creation of Hospitals and Medical
institutions (Hospital Real, 1st in the
Philippines)
Hospital Real is built in Cebu but
relocated in Manila and funded by
King Phillip II
Spanish Era (1565 - 1898)
It is when vaccine for smallpox has been
discovered
spanish era
They provided for better healthcare by
building more hospitals and implementing
measures to prevent the spread of
diseases
American period
Board of Health for Philippine
Islands
Sanitation practices
Anti-tuberculosis campaign
It is when UP Manila Medicine opened
American Period
Made sure that Philippines will gain
freedom from Americans
Philippine Health Service
Jones Law
Incidence of tuberculosis, malaria, and severe
malnutrition increased among the lower
classes.
Japanese Occupation (1942 - 1945)
Food and medicine scarcity
Japanses Occuption
Creation of National Advisory Council to study
problems of public health and sanitation and
to make recommendations for their
improvement and the promotion of medical
research
In charge of all city health offices, the Bureau
of Health, the Bureau of Quarantine, and a
new division, the Bureau of Hospitals
Manuel Roxas made sure that National
Health Care is available
Department of Health (1947 - Present)
provides practical means to
pay for medical care (what we have now
as PHILHEALTH)
MEdiCare
Philippine Medical Care Act of 1969
“Medicare”
Marcos Administration (1965 - 1986)
RA 5527
Philippine Medical Technology Act
of 1969
The principles behind PHC were accessibility, community participation, health promotion, the
use of appropriate
Primary Health Care for All
For Filipinos to be aware of the
consequences of smoking
Yosi Kadiri
First female secretary of Health
Early Childhood Development Program
Botika ng Barangay
Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of
1997
Dr. Carmencita Reodica
Health Sector Reform Agenda
National Health Passport
Oks and Oks Mass Treatment of
Schistosomiasis
Rabies Elimination Program in the Visayas
Estrada Administration
TB Directly Observed Treatment-Short Course
program (TB- DOTS)
SARS Outbreak: Five Strategic Action on
SARS
FOURmula ONE for Health: healthcare
financing, regulation,
Arroyo Administration
Oplan Alis Disease: Ceasefire for Children
Doctors to the Barrios Program
Yosi Kadiri
For Filipinos to be aware of the
consequences of smoking
Strategic and Tactical Options for the
Prevention of Disaster, Epidemics and
Trauma or STOP D.E.A.T.H
Tubig, Kubeta, Oresol (TKO): Kontra Kolera
Araw ng Sangkap Pinoy and Family Planning:
Kung Sila’y Mahal N’yo, Magplano
ASIN Law
National Blood Services Act of 1994
National Health Insurance Act of 1995
Fidel Ramos and Juan Flavier (1992 - 1995)
Increase in health budget
The Milk Code
Field Epidemiology Training Program
Generics Drug Act
Magna Carta for Public Health Workers
Aquino Administration (1986 - 1992)
Reproductive Health Law
Responsible Parenthood Act
Aquino Administration
Universal Health Care Act
Philippine Mental Health Law
Bayanihan To Heal As One Act
Duterte Administration
It deals with preventive rather than curative
aspects of health
It deals with population level rather than
individual level health issues
Characteristics of Public Health
Systematically collect, analyze, and make
available information on healthy
communities
Assessment
Promote the use of scientific knowledge
base in policy and decision making
Policy
Ensure provision of services to those in
need
Assurance
Population focus
Public health ethic
Prevention or public health emphasis
Joint laboratory and field involvement
Clinical sciences peripheral to
professional training
Public sector basis
Public Health
Individual patient focus
Personal service ethic
Diagnosis and treatment emphasis
Joint laboratory and patient involvement
Clinical sciences essential to professional
training
Private sector basis
Health Care
Vehicle for public discourse
Health education and promotion
Health communication
Social media as catalyst
Media
Employer-sponsored health insurance
programs
Wellness initiatives and benefits
Healthy workplaces and communities
Employers and Businesses
City planning
Education
Health in all policies
Government Agencies
Education
Training
Research
Public Service
Academia
a fatal intestinal disease, was
rampant during the early 1800s in London, causing death to tens of thousands of people
in the area
Cholera,
was commonly thought to be caused
by bad air from rotting organic matter
Cholera
Best known for his work tracing the source of
cholera outbreak
Considered the Father of Modern
Epidemiology
John Snow, Physician
John Snow’s research convinced the British
government that the source of cholera was
__
water contaminated with sewage
is the fifth leading cause of death
from infectious disease worldwide and the
second leading cause in Africa
Malaria
