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Community and Public Health > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Study of disease, injury and death

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

According to CDC, it is the study
(scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of
the distribution and determinants of
health-related states and events (not
just disease) in specified populations
(neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global)

 According to WHO, it is the study of
the distribution and determinants of
health-related states or events
(including disease), and the application
of this study to the control of diseases
and other health problems

A

Epidemiology

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3
Q

Refers to descriptive epidemiology
 When (time), Where (place), Who
(person)

A

Distribution

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4
Q

incidence, prevalence
and mortality rates

A

Frequency

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5
Q
  • time, place, person
A

Pattern

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6
Q

Refers to analytic epidemiology
 Causes, risk factors, modes of
transmission (why and how)
 Causes - agents
 Risk factors - exposure to sources
 Examples: smoking, obesity, high blood
pressure, diabetes, infections, genetics

A

Determinants

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7
Q

Veni, vidi, vici

A

(I came, I saw, I conquer)

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8
Q

Theory of four body humors produced
within the body
 Earth - blood and brain
 Air - phlegm and lungs
 Fire - black bile and spleen
 Water - yellow bile and gallbladder

A

Hippocrates (460 BCE - 370 BCE)

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9
Q

Seeds of disease

A

Girolamo Fracastoro (Circa 1476 - 1553)

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10
Q

Disease as an external thing called an
ens which could attack any organ of the
body

A

Paracelsus and JB van Helmont

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11
Q

First to demonstrate microorganisms

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

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12
Q

 Germ Theory, germ cause disease
 Developed vaccine against anthrax and
biological treatment for rabies

A

Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895)

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13
Q

one germ can cause
one disease

A

Biological specificity

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14
Q

 Perfected methods for growing pure
colonies of bacteria
 Developed autoclaves for sterilizing
equipment
 Introduced photography to demonstrate
what he had seen through his microscope
 Identified some of the key disease-

A

Robert Koch (1843 - 1910)

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15
Q

Antiseptic surgery which developed into
aseptic surgery

A

Joseph Lister (1827 - 1912)

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16
Q

 Named the disease syphilis in a poem
 Notion of seeds of disease

A

Girolamo Fracastoro (1476

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17
Q

His study on cholera reinforced his notion
that it was not transmitted by miasma
but through contaminated water

A

John Snow (1813 - 1858)

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18
Q

First thorough notion of a germ theory
of disease
 Studied yeast, bacteria, and viruses

A

Louis Pasteur (1882

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19
Q

Use of carbolic acid dressings to
disinfect surgical wounds

 Introduced aseptic technique

A

Joseph Lister (1827

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20
Q

Discovered causative organisms of
tuberculosis and cholera

A

Robert Koch

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21
Q

Study led to a better understanding of the
nature of viruses and their relationship
to the cells of the organism they
invade

A

Martinus Beijerinck

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22
Q

 Influenced microscopy, tissue staining, embryology, chemotheraphy and
immunology
 Theory of the chemical nature of
antigens and antibodies (lock and key)

A

Paul Ehrlich (1854 - 1915)

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23
Q

Developed a polio vaccine that used an
attenuated strain of the virus

A

Albert Sabin (1906

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24
Q

 Coined the term prion and came up with
the theory behind how these misfolded
proteins cause grave disease

A

 Stanley Prusiner (1942)

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25
Q

 Worked on the retroviruses, of which
HIV is the most significant

A

 Francoise Barre-Sinoussi (1947)

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26
Q

–
includes the study of the frequency, patterns, and causes of health-related
states or events in populations, and the
application of that study to address public
health issues

A

Basic science of public health, epidemiology

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27
Q

Microbes: bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa

A

Agent

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28
Q

The human capable of developing the
disease: genetics, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sex, and
gender

A

Host

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29
Q
  • Lead and heavy metals
  • Air pollutants and other
    asthma triggers
A

Environmental exposures

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30
Q
  • Foodborne illness
  • Influenza and pneumonia
A

Infectious diseases

31
Q
  • Increased homicides in a

community
- National surge in
domestic violence

A

Injuries

32
Q
  • Localized or widespread

rise in a particular type of
cancer
- Increase in a major birth
defect

A

Non-infectious disease

33
Q
  • Hurricanes Katrina and

Rita (2005)
- Haiti earthquake (2010)

A

Natural disasters

34
Q
  • World Trade Center

(2001)
- Anthrax release (2001)

A

Terrorism

35
Q

widely use
 Describes the basic epidemiology of a
disease

A

Descriptive

36
Q

Used to study the disease further

A

Analytic

37
Q

Test a hypothesis

A

Experimental

38
Q

Describe the occurrence of the disease
 Data collected by time, place, and person

A

Descriptive Epidemiology

39
Q

describes the occurrence of
disease over a prolonged period (years)

 Trend of tetanus in the United States
since 1920 shows a gradual and steady
decline

A

Secular

40
Q

indicate a change in the antigenic
characteristics of the disease agent

 Change in antigenic structure of the
prevalent influenza A virus every 2 to 3
years

A

Periodic

41
Q

Food-borne disease outbreaks occur
more frequently in the summer

A

Seasonal

42
Q

A sudden increase in occurrence due
to prevalent factors

A

Epidemic occurence of disease

43
Q

the level of influenza
activity that signalled the start and end of
the annual influenza season

A

Seasonal Threshold

44
Q

the week in which positivity
rate was above the weekly average positivity rate for that year and which
continued for three consecutive weeks

A

Start/onset

45
Q
  • first week in which the positivity
    rate was below the average weekly
    positivity rate for that year which
    continued for three consecutive years
A

End

46
Q

the period in which weekly influenza
positive rates were above the average
influenza positivity rate for a particular
surveillance year for at least three
consecutive weeks

A

Influenza season

47
Q

the level above which influenza activity
was higher than most years

A

Alert threshold

48
Q

Sites or places to consider
 Where the individual was when disease
occurred
 Where the individual was when he or she
became infected from the source
 Where the source became infected with the
etiologic agent

A

Epidemiologic Data by Place

49
Q

 Age
 Sex
 Occupation
 Personal habits
 Socioeconomic status
 Immunization history
 Presence of underlying disease

A

Epidemiologic Data of Infected Person

50
Q

Analyzes disease determinants for
possible causal relations

A

Analytic Epidemiology

51
Q

Starts with the effect (disease) and
retrospectively investigates the cause that led
to the effect

A

Case-control or Case Comparison

52
Q

individuals with the disease

A

Case group

53
Q

members
similar to the case group without the
disease

A

Comparison (control) group

54
Q

Prospectively studies two populations

A

Cohort Method

55
Q

had contact with the
suspected causal factor (blood
transfusion) under study

A

Population 1

56
Q

similar group that has had
no contact with the factor

A

Population 2

57
Q

To determine the relationship between a
disease and variables present
 A population is surveyed over a limited
time period

A

Cross-sectional

58
Q

One or more selected factors are
manipulated
 The effect of the manipulation will either
confirm or disprove the hypothesis
 Group 1 with the disease - given a new
drug
 Group 2 with the disease - not given the
new drug

A

Experimental Epidemiology

59
Q

 Identify factors relevant to an outbreak
 Identify control and prevention measures
 Data are collected and collated according to
time, place, and person and analyzed and
inferences are drawn

A

Epidemiologic Investigation

60
Q

Steps:
1. Confirm the existence of the epidemic
2. Look for cases, verify diagnosis - case
definition
 Confirmed, suspected, probable case
3. Identify population at risk
4. Develop hypothesis
5. Develop control and prevention measures
6. Continue surveillance activities

A

Epidemiologic Investigation

61
Q

living organisms or nonliving
sites (soil, water)

A

Reservoirs

62
Q

an individual capable of
transmitting a pathogen without displaying
symptoms

A

Carriers

63
Q

harbors and transmit
the pathogen but is not infected

A

Passive carriers

64
Q

infected and transmit
the pathogen (symptomatic or
asymptomatic)

A

Active carriers

65
Q

person to person transmission
(touching, kissing, sexual

A

Direct

66
Q

one meter or less distance

A

Droplet transmission

67
Q

involves inanimate objects
called fomites

A

Indirect

68
Q

transmission of
pathogens through vehicles such as water,
food, air
 Aerosols float in the air
 Droplet nucleus can travel long
distances

A

Vehicle Transmission

69
Q
A

Vector Transmission

70
Q

Refers to the occurrence of new cases of
disease or injury in a population over a
specified period of time

 Although some epidemiologists use incidence
to mean the new number of new cases in a
community

 Others use incidence to mean the number of
new cases per unit of population

A

Incidence of Disease

71
Q

Defined as any departure, subjective or
objective from a state of physiological or
psychological well-being
 In practice, morbidity encompasses
disease, injury and disability

A

Morbidity

72
Q

The relative magnitude of two quantities
or a comparison of any two values
 Calculated by dividing one interval or ratio
scale variable by the other
 The numerator and denominator need not
be related

A

Ratio

73
Q

Comparison of a part to whole
 Its numerator is included in the
denominator

A

Proportion

74
Q

A measure of frequency with which an
event occurs in a defined population over
a specified period of time

A

Rates

Community and Public Health (5 decks)

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