Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Flashcards
The link between health and economic
development is two-directional because health
depends on economic development in the same
way that economic development depends on
health
Low income = poor health
Communicable Diseases
Requires an agent and a means of
transmittting the infection to a susceptible
host within a suitable environment
Communicable Diseases
needs to be able to multiply and
survive if its is to have an effect on the host
Causative agent (microorganism, bacteria,
fungi)
is modified by education
and resources and altered by movements
of communities or individuals
how they are aware, level of
understanding, moving from one
place to another
Social environment
is affected by the
nature of the surroundings, seasonality
and climate change
Where host lives
There are two seasons: wet and dry
During wet season, flu is common
Dengue - prevalent only during the
wet season but it usually thrive on
places with stored water
Physical environment
Common cold
Pneumonia
measles
Pertussis
Typhoid fever
Cholera
Acute Communicable
Diseases
AIDS, Lyme disease, tuberculosis, syphilis, rheumatic fever following
streptococcal
Chronic Communicable
Diseases
Infectious agent may be transmitted from its
natural reservoir to a susceptible host in different ways
Mode of Transmission
Implies the immediate transfer of the disease
agent between the infected and the
susceptible individuals
Directly transmitted diseases: AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, rabies, and the
common cold
Direct Mode of Transmission
Through skin to skin contact, kissing, sexual intercourse, contact with soil
or vegetation harboring infectious
agent (ex. hookworm infection that
directly penetrate our skin)
Infectious mononucleosis (kissing
disease) caused by Epstein-Barr virus
through exchange of saliva or
glass/food utensil
Direct contact
droplet spray onto the conjunctiva or
onto the mucous membranes of the
eye, nose or mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing or talking
(usually limited to a distance of one
meter or less)
direct spray over a few feet before a
droplet falls to the ground
Pertussis and meningococcal
infection
Droplet spread
Communicable disease transmission
involving an intermediate step
Indirect Mode of transmission
Dissemination of microbial aerosols to
a suitable portal of entry, usually the
respiratory tract
airborne
Microbial aerosols are suspensions of
dust or droplet nuclei made up wholly
or in part of microorganisms
Airborne particles may remain
suspended and infective for long
periods of time
Airborne Diseases: Tuberculosis,
influenza, histoplasmosis,
legionellosis and measles
Carried by dust and droplet nuclei that
is suspended longer and may be
blown to a distance through
suspended particles (less than 5
microns)
airborne
Contaminated materials or objects
(fomites) serve as vehicles
The agent may or may not have multiplied
or developed on a vehicle
Vehicle borne
inanimate material or object
that can serve as a source of
infection (ex. clothes, beddings, food
utensils, and surgical instrument)
Vehicle
Diseases transmitted by vehicles:
Dysentery and Hepatitis
Transport of causative agent through
food, water, biological product (blood
fomites),
Vehicel
Transfer of disease by a living organism
such as a mosquito, fly, or tick
Vector borne
a living organism, usually an
arthropod that can transmit a
communicable agent to a
susceptible host
Vector
via the contaminated
mouth parts or feet of the vector, multiplication and development of the
disease organism usually do not
occur
Mechanical
involves multiplication or
developmental changes of the agent
in the vector before transmission
occurs
Biological
Applied to disease that are easily
spread directly from person-to-person
Examples: COVID-19, HIV,
Contagious
are those disease NOT transmitted by
ordinary contact but require a direct
inoculation through a break in the
previously intact or mucous
membrane
All contagious disease are infectious.
Infectious
A model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible hoht
chain of infection
also called as the pathogenic agent
Agent
The cause of disease or health problem
Influenza virus must be present for a
person to become ill with a flu
agent
A person or other living organism that
affords subsistence or lodgment to a
communicable agent under natural
conditions
any susceptible organism—a single- celled organism, a plant, an animal, or a
human—invaded by an infectious
agent
Host
type of bacterium, virus,
fungus, parasite, rickettsia, chlamydia, etc.
Causative Agent
- ability to cause disease
Pathogenicity
disease severity,
invasiveness (ability to enter and move through tissue)
Virulence
number of organisms
needed to initiate infection
Infective dose
organism specificity
antigenic variations, elaboration of
toxins
Host preference
capability of a
communicable disease agent to
cause a disease in a susceptible host
Infectivity
the environment in which the
agent is found
Reservoir
man is the reservoir of
diseases that is more dangerous to
humans than other species
Human
responsible for infestations
with thropozoites, worm, etc.
Animal
- street dust, garden soil,
lint from bedding
non animal
Diseases or illnesses that cannot be
transmitted from one person to another
Also known as chronic noncommunicable
diseases (NCDs)
Non-Communicable Diseases
Diseases that are not transmissible directly
or indirectly from one person to another
They are of long duration and generally
slow progression
Result from combinations of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviors
factors
Examples of NCDs: Cancer, cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, chronic lung illness, Diabetes , Parkinson’s disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, most heart
diseases, most cancers, chronic kidney
disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis,
Non-Communicable Diseases
Appendicitis, poisoning, injury (due
to motor vehicle
acute noncommunicable disease
Diabetes, coronary
heart disease, osteoarthritis, cirrhosis
of the liver due to
alcoholism
Chronic
Noncommunicable
Disease
Complex etiology (causes)
Multiple risk factors
Long latency period
Non-contagious origin
Prolonged course of illness
Functional impairment or disability
Incurability
Insidious onset
Characteristics of Non-communicable Diseases
