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Psychological Disorders of Children + Adolescents > Intro to Child Psychopathology > Flashcards

Intro to Child Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is illness anxiety disorder?

A

Being afraid that you have a really serious illness that nobody has identified yet and it’s going to emerge at some point soon but its not a current medical emergency

ex: seeing a mark on your skin and thinking that it means you have a serious skin disorder

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2
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

Becoming afraid of a normal body sensation (ex: pain in the chest) that feels like a current medical emergency but is not

ex: misinterpreting the sensations of anxiety as a heart attack or a medical emergency

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3
Q

what does the duration of a panic attack look like?

A

Peaks within a few minutes
- quickly ramps up, reaches a peak and slowly calms down

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4
Q

Where do people with panic disorder generally end up?

A
  • The emergency room
  • They think they are having an extreme medical emergency but it’s just a panic attack
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5
Q

How can we treat a panic disorder/panic attack?

A

Bring on the sensations the person is afraid of on purpose = interoceptive exposure

ex: hyperventilate on purpose, jog on the spot

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6
Q

What are we talking about when discussing psychological disorders?

A

something that is related to the brain (mind): the most complicated entity that we know about in the entire universe at this point

Differences in the brain (everything causes differences)

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7
Q

What is something we tend to do when talking about psychopathologies that relate to the brain?

A
  • end up with oversimplified explanations
  • but just because a system is highly complex and we don’t understand it doesn’t mean we can’t do anything to make it run better/worse
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8
Q

Naming 3 things, how are children different from adults?

A
  1. children experience rapid developmental changes (emotions, language, relationships, cognitive functions)
  2. patterns of development are not the same for every child
    - can be challenging when identifying how different is different enough to label something a psychopathology
  3. Children depend on adults
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9
Q

Infancy

A
  • a lot of social interactions at 8-9 months
  • very dependent on parents
  • a lot of learning and developmental change and they don’t remember any of it
  • they get moody, burst into tears, and cry, and then just a moment later they smile and laugh (totally normal for a baby)
    - If an adult were to do this we would
    think they have a psychological disorder,
    some kind of emotional imbalance
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10
Q

Toddlerhood: 2

A
  • start walking around and say more words
  • Interactions may occur between toddlers: stealing toys, and a lot of hitting
  • executive functioning is still very early in development, and there is not a lot of inhibition
  • they don’t solve traditional theory of mind tasks very well
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11
Q

Preschoolers: 3-5

A
  • they are funny, and can hold a full conversation
  • brand new and say interesting things
  • 3 and 5 year olds are very different animals, no game will work for both ages - 5 yr olds are way more advanced
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12
Q

School age: 6-10

A
  • core years of elementary school and a huge amount of development
  • learning to read and write
  • reading and writing are not innate, so it is incredible we can teach people who are 6 how to do that
  • Socially: friendships, increasing intimacy in peer relationships, becomes clear what people are interested in (individual differences), increase in emotional control, vocabulary increases
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13
Q

What is the difference between age 6 and 9 on a vocabulary subtest of the WISC?

A
  • The average vocabulary score (WISC) at age 6 is in the 2nd percentile by age 9 (2 SDs!)
  • age 9 and age 6 would have different average raw scores
  • If you were 9 and got the same score as the average 6-year-old, we would say there is an intellectual disability
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14
Q

What is the difference between age 6 and 9 on a digit span subtest of the WISC?

A
  • The average digit span score at age 6 is in the 5th percentile by age 9 (that’s 1.67 SDs!)
  • Big difference again
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15
Q

Preadolescence: 11-12

A
  • puberty is just getting started/ has started
  • increasing complexity in social relationships and intimacy between peers
  • transition from becoming more peer-oriented than parent-oriented
  • more conceptual cognitively
  • better capacity to imagine possible futures
  • the social world is becoming more and more complicated
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16
Q

What is the difference between grade 3 and grade 11 on a Self-report anxiety scale: RCADS?

A
  • the average RCADS anxiety score at Grade 3 would be at the 81st percentile by Grade 11 (that’s 0.75 of an SD)
  • that’s a big difference
  • why: young children are afraid of death, being kidnapped, afraid of the dark, separation fear, fear of bugs, fear of being injured
17
Q

adolescence: 13-17

A
  • further complexity in emotional development
  • romantic relationships
  • identity development + exploration
  • body of an adult
  • challenging adult authority
  • mainly more present-oriented

Ex: cutting behaviour example - didn’t think ahead to what the cuts would look like when wearing a bathing suit in the summer

18
Q

emerging adulthood: 18-29

A
  • more freedoms and all the decisions matter more
  • a lot of identity exploration
  • clarifying values
  • trying to work out religiosity, spirituality
  • work, finances
  • romantic relationships, separating from parents
  • autonomy
19
Q

does abnormality = statistically uncommon? why?

A

in some ways but not a perfect way of determining psychopathology

ex: If below the second percentile on a cognitive test, it’s likely you have an intellectual disability (2% of test takers fall in that range) but we also have the top 2% that fall in that range which is also statistically uncommon (intellectual giftedness - wouldn’t consider this a psychopathology)

20
Q

does abnormality = significant distress? why?

A

also not a perfect way of determining psychopathology

ex: it’s normal to experience distress when, for example, losing someone
ex: Ego-syntonic (ex: eating disorder and being content with controlling eating behavior) vs. ego-dystonic (Candice doesn’t like that she does all of these things to prevent a panic attack)

21
Q

does abnormality = impairment in social or school functioning? why?

A

not a good way to define
- how much impairment is enough impairment?

22
Q

what is a characteristic of “abnormality”? and what are 2 ways of getting to a disorder?

A

not dependent on CAUSE
(exception: PTSD - we know it is caused by the traumatic stress)

multifinality + equifinality

23
Q

multifinality

A

same cause, multiple final outcomes

ex: early childhood maltreatment can cause an ED, mood disorder, and conduct disorder

24
Q

equifinality

A

different causes, same final outcome

ex: a genetic pattern + familial characteristics + environment can cause conduct disorder

25
Q

Etiology

A
  • factors that contribute to the development of psychological disorder
  • for any one person, we can’t say exactly what the etiological factors are
  • psychopathology researchers and clinicians use theories of etiology to help explain disorders and allow treatments to be rationally derived

not one theory of etiology can adequately explain all psychological disorders ( biological, cognitive-behavioral, attachment, family systems, psychodynamic)

26
Q

Etiology: Diathesis-Stress

A
  • diathesis (pre-disposition) and stress (some external circumstance) are both necessary for the emergence of psychopathology
  • having a predisposition (vulnerability factor) that makes it possible to develop a psychological disorder and then something happens (a stressor) and in combination it begins the process of a psychological disorder and this theory
  • can be biological, psychological or social
27
Q

Bio-Psycho-Social Model: what are the potential biological, psychological,and social factors that come together that contribute to developing a psychological disorder?

A

Biological: Semi-heritable trait/ heritable traits

Psychological: Beliefs about responsibility/ body sensations (panic disorder)

Social: Media: social media, T.V show

Psychological Disorders of Children + Adolescents (5 decks)

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