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Challenge & Change > Intro to Challenge & Change > Flashcards

Intro to Challenge & Change Flashcards

1
Q

What is SOCIAL CHANGE?

A

Defined as “transformations in the beliefs, social interactions, practices, organisation, and structures of society.”

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2
Q

ANTHROPOLOGY; Definition

A
  • Study of the human species and its origins

- Development of language and culture

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3
Q

PSYCHOLOGY; Definition

A
  • Study of the human mind

- Behaviours, emotions, cognitive processes, and personality

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4
Q

SOCIOLOGY; Definition

A

Study of society and social behaviour

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5
Q

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION; Definition

A

Qualitative research in which the researcher interacts with the researchees in studying their culture.

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6
Q

QUALITATIVE DATA; Definition

A
  • description and comparison
  • information expressed in words or actions
  • considered more objective
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7
Q

QUANTITATIVE DATA; Definition

A
  • numbers
  • closed questions
  • considered more objective
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8
Q

QUALITATIVE DATA; Examples

A

interviews, observations

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9
Q

QUANTITATIVE DATA; Examples

A

surveys, lab-based observations

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10
Q

MACROSOCIOLOGY

A

The analysis of large scale groups, social systems, and social structures. (eg, political systems, religious institutes, economic systems, etc…).

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11
Q

PARADIGM SHIFTS

A

Paradigm: a model or pattern which exists in the world, until a new paradigm shifts the belief system. When a new set of ideas are strong enough to affect the ways both individuals and societies see reality, the resultant changes are called a “paradigm shift”.

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12
Q

PARADIGM SHIFTS; Examples

A

Galileo’s heliocentric model, green compost bins.

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13
Q

EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING CHANGE

A

Physical environment—climate, weather, vegetation, animal populations, humans—all affect the environment. When there is change in this, it causes a ripple effect on everything else.

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14
Q

What causes POPULATION SHIFTS?

A
  • Wars
  • Famines
  • Natural disasters
  • Political instability
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15
Q

What does PROXIMITY cause?

A
  • Inter-cultural contact

Exchange of ideas between cultures is high in a globalised world, as is the resulting change

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16
Q

COLLECTIVIST STRUCTURE

A
  • conformity, unity, cooperation

- everyone works for the good of society

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17
Q

INDIVIDUALIST STRUCTURE

A
  • social behaviour guided by personal rights/freedoms

- everyone works for the good of themselves

18
Q

What are the THREE STRUCTURAL LEVELS?

A

Infrastructure, Structure, and Superstructure

19
Q

INFRASTRUCTURE

A
  • How people attend to their basic needs; technological, economic, and demographic factors of a culture.
  • Basis for the two other levels.
  • Changes in infrastructure will influence organisation and ideology of a culture.
20
Q

STRUCTURE

A
  • How the culture is organised;

- political systems, laws, families

21
Q

SUPERSTRUCTURE

A
  • The ideology of a culture;

- beliefs and values

22
Q

CULTURAL MATERIALISM; Definition

A
  • Development of culture determined by physical materials and economic activity
  • Cultural change occurs within the three levels (infrastructure, structure, and superstructure)
23
Q

Who invented CULTURAL MATERIALISM?

A

Marvin Harris

24
Q

FUNCTIONALISM; Definition

A
  • Beliefs exist and function to meet the needs of a societal majority
  • Change occurs by consensus, based on norms
25
Q

Who invented FUNCTIONALISM?

A

Bronislaw Malinowski

26
Q

LEARNING THEORY; Definition

A
  • Interpretation of the world can be altered through learning
  • This can lead to permanent behavioural change
  • Certain behaviours are based in childhood experiences, and those behaviours are both predictable and modifiable.
27
Q

Who invented LEARNING THEORY?

A

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

28
Q

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY; Definition

A
  • Changing behaviours and motivations through understanding of both the conscious and unconcious mind
  • Behaviour can be negatively affected by inability to balance both parts of the conscience
  • Human development is determined by events in early childhood
29
Q

Who invented PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY?

A

Sigmund Freud

30
Q

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM

A

Social structures exist to serve the needs of society and its members

31
Q

CONFLICT THEORY

A

Power is the basis for relationships in society and is a source for certain conflicts

32
Q

FEMINIST THEORY

A

Some social conflict is created by inequality related to gender

33
Q

SYMBOLIC INTERACTION

A

One’s role in society is determined by their interpretation and reaction to it. Society changes based on how you interact with it.

34
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE

A

Weighs the costs and benefits of participating in certain groups

35
Q

EMILE DURKHEIM

A
  • Social change is inevitable and follows a predictable path

- Society becomes more complex as it becomes more diverse

36
Q

KARL MARX

A
  • Social change is the result of conflict between social classes battling for power and economic resources
  • Social change goes through stages to arrive at a goal
37
Q

MAX WEBER

A
  • Culture is the predominant force in shaping human actions
  • Subjecting all aspects of human behaviour and social relationships to administration (rationalism) leads to an “iron cage” around a society, and allows it to be dictated by bureaucracy
38
Q

TECHNOLOGY

A

Far reaching implications for society and and social change. It impacts values, social structures and customs. It will continue to drive “progress” in society.

39
Q

Fundamental questions of ANTHROPOLOGY

A

How was human culture developed? What symbols do cultures share? How was language established?

40
Q

Fundamental questions of PSYCHOLOGY

A

Why do humans behave as they do? How does personality develop? What is intelligence? How can we control our emotions?

41
Q

Fundamental questions of SOCIOLOGY

A

What function does society serve in the lives of individuals? What is the role of social institutions? How do individuals adapt to the roles and values of certain groups?

Challenge & Change (4 decks)

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