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Clinical Pathology > Intro to Cell Bio > Flashcards

Intro to Cell Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest functional unit of life?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What human cell does not contain a nucleus

A

RBC

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3
Q

What do many cells form

A

tissues

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4
Q

What does cell structure and composition dictate

A

cell function

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5
Q 
how much body water is in intracellular matrix?
extracellular matrix?
Interstitial matrix (extracellular)?
Blood vessels (Extracellular)?
A

2/3
1/3
3/4
1/4

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6
Q

What do G-proteins bind to?

A

Guanine nucleotides

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7
Q

What is the most common signal transduction pathway

A

G-Protein signa ltransduction

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8
Q

what does activation of G-protein increase and what does this lead to?

A

“2nd messenge” such as c-AMP

increased cellular response

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9
Q

what are the steps in GProtein activation up to cellular response?

A

Ligand binds to extracellular receptor-> Gprotein is phospoylated and alpha subunit activates C-amp-> C-AMP is phosphorylated and activates kinase-> kinase phosphorylates target intracellular proteins-> cellular response

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10
Q

What is the most frequent Enzyme linked receptor?

A

Tyrosine Kinase

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11
Q

What is Enzyme linked receptors commonly used by?

A

Growth factors

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12
Q

What receptor type is commonly associated with tumorigenesis mechanisms and why?

A

Enzyme linked receptors because extracellular receptors are mutated or altered in a way that they have higher affinity for growth factors causing uncontrollable growth

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13
Q

What receptors are linked to neuron firing and muscle contraction

A

ion-channel linked receptors

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14
Q

what happens when ligand binds to ion channel linked receptors

A

ion channel opens

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15
Q

types of membrane transport (3)

A

Passive
Active
Vesicular

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16
Q

What are three types of passive transport

A

Diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion

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17
Q

2 types of vesicular transport

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

18
Q

define diffusion and what molecules does it affect

A

flow from high gradient too low…

steroids/thyroid hormones/ gases/ alcohol

19
Q

what speeds up diffusion

A

heat and larger gradients

20
Q

define Osmosis

A

flow of water to higher solute concentration

21
Q

what does water follow in the human body?

A

glucose/Na+/uria/ protein

22
Q

define isotonic/hypotonic/hypertonic

A

-no osmotic flow
-flow into cell due to higher soluteintracellularly
-concentration inside cell
flow out of cell due to higher solute extracellularly

23
Q

What is facilitated Diffusion

A

when a intracellular protein is specific to molecule leaving or entering cell. Changes shape to allow passage if correct ligand binds

24
Q

What is carrier mediated transports and example

A

when intracellular proteins need correct combinations of ions to allow passage. (Na+/K+ pump)

25
Q

what does threat of facilitated transport depend on

A

how many membrane proteins available

26
Q

what is active transport?

A

Protein carriers that need energy to transport ions against gradient.

27
Q

example of primary active transport

A

sodium potassium pump using ATPase

28
Q

What is secondary active transport

A

flow of ions through facilitated carriers down gradients made by primary active transport.

29
Q

2 types of secondary transport?

A

symport/ cotransport

antiport/ contratransport

30
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

when a vesicle forms around a foreign subtract to transport through or out of cell for various reasons

31
Q

4 scenerios for vesicular transport

A

endocytosis to a lysosome for breakdown

exocytosis to rid cell of waste products

phagocytosis bt WBC for decomposition

Sectretion of glands with encoring or exocrine

32
Q

what is a mitochondria

why is the inner membrane folded

what does it do in eukaryotes

A

ancient bacteria that formed symbiotic relationship

to increase surface area

provides the majority of eukaryotes energy and uses O2 and release CO2

33
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

aerobic or aneaerobic?

results of process

What goes to next step?

A

Cell cytoplasm

anaerobic

2 pyruvate/2 NADH/ Net 2 ATP

2 Pyruvates go to Krebs in mitochondrial matrix and 2NADH to mitochondrial matriculates membrane for ETC

34
Q

What happens in krebs

where does it occur?

What is the results of krebs

where do products go

A

Pyruvate are oxidized by taking carbons off to form CO2

Mitochondrial matrix

4 NADH/1FADH/1ATP per pyruvate

ETC

35
Q

Where does ETC occur

Aerobic or anaerobic

what happens?

Products?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

Aerobic

NADH/FADH release electrons and H+ ions to carrier proteins to establish a gradient outside of cell with H+ ions. Then the H+ ions flow down the gradient through ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP to ATP while the electrons and the H+ ions that flow through join with O2 to form water

32 ATP/ H2O

36
Q

What is a membrane

potential and what tissues is it useful for?

what is the negative charge located

A

it is the polarity of a cell with extracellular matrix

cardiac muscle/ skeletal muscle/ smooth muscle/ nuerons/ glands

intracellular

37
Q

What is depolarization?

Repolarization?

A

sudden reversal of charge across a cell membrane

slower process to return cell to baseline membrane potential

38
Q

What channels open in depolarization

repolarization?

A

Na+

K+

39
Q

What is an action potential

A

When depolarization of one cell reaches a threshold and triggers or propagates adjacent cells to depolarize as well

40
Q

What does action potential result in?

A

nerve impulse and muscle contraction

Clinical Pathology (4 decks)

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