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Clinical Pathology > fluids > Flashcards

fluids Flashcards

1
Q

what is edema

A

excess interstitial fluid

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2
Q

is edema localized or systemic?

A

could be either

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3
Q

ascites

A

edema in peritoneal cavity

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4
Q

hydrothorax

A

edema in pleural cavity

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5
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in plural cavity

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6
Q

empyema

A

pus in plural cavity

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7
Q

pericardial effusion

A

edema in pericardial cavity

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8
Q

hydrocephalis

A

excess cerebrospinal fluid

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9
Q

hydrocele

A

edema in scrotum/ testicular cavity

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10
Q

hydrosalpinx

A

edema in uterine tube

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11
Q

ileus

A

small intestine

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12
Q

blister

A

edema in in epidermis and dermis

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13
Q

seroma

A

surgicallly created space

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14
Q

what is transudate edema

A

edema where interstitial fluid is high salt low protein content

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15
Q

what causes transudate edema generally

A

alterations in sterling forces

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16
Q

what are sterling forces

A

forces in the capillary where vessel pressure is higher than tissue pressure on artery side and fluid leaks into tissue. on vein side tissue pressure is higher than vessel pressure so about 90% of fluid leaks back into fluid and vessel proteins help draw that fluid in. The other 10% goes into lymphatic system

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17
Q

what can disrupt sterling forces

A

cirrosis, renal failure
salt indulgence
heart failure

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18
Q

what direction does capillary hydrostatic pressure go?

A

into tissue

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19
Q

what direction does blood colloid osmotic pressure go?

A

into vessel on venus side

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20
Q

what are some causes of transudative edema

A 
excess total body water
salt fluid retention
excess aldosterone
kidney failure
systemic veins  (right heart failure)
pulmonary vein (left heart failure.)
cirrosis
brain trauma etc.
21
Q

what is exudative edema

A

protein rich salt water in tissue

22
Q

what does exudate edema result from

A

inflammation
sepsis
burns
overly leaky capillaries

23
Q

what is the mechanism of exudate edema when thinking of the proteins

A

when proteins leak out of capillaries into tissues/ water follows through osmosis

24
Q

what can labs extinguish when speaking of edema

A

transudate vs exudate

25
Q

what is hemorrhage

A

loss of whole blood blood from vessels

26
Q

what is petechia

A

<3mm blood spot

27
Q

what is eccymosis

A

large >10mm blood spot (bruise)

28
Q

what is purpura

A

medium 3-10mm blood spot

29
Q

what is a hematoma

A

blood in tissues producing a mass

30
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing blood

31
Q

hematemisis

A

vomiting blood

32
Q

hematochezia

A

bright red blood from rectum

33
Q

melana

A

black tarry stool per rectum

34
Q

causes of hemorrhage

A 
trauma
disease of blood vessels
disease around vessels
lack of clotting factors
lack of platelets
35
Q

what is the significance of a hemorrhage

A

depends of where and how much

36
Q

what are the classes of hemorrhage, how much blood loss, and their symptoms

A

I-750ml-minimal to no symptoms

II-750-200ml- tachycardia tachypnea, and anxiety

III 1500-2000- tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, altered mental state

IV- 200ml- tachycardia, hypotension, clammy, cold, severely altered mental state

37
Q

what is shock

A

widespread hypo fusion of body tissues

38
Q

what does hypo fusion mean

A

when tissues are not recieving enough oxygen from the blood

39
Q

what does hypo fusion lead to in the instance of shock

A

widespread organ failure and compensatory mechanisms to maintain blood pressure

40
Q

why does aerobic metabolism become main energy source in shock

A

because there is no oxygen going to tissues

41
Q

what do we care about the most when someone is in shock

A

tissue profusion

42
Q

what is hypovolemic shock

A

sudden loss of blood volume in the form of vomit/diarrhea/ burns or third space blood loss

43
Q

what is cardiogenic shock

A

pump failure to pump oxygenated blood to tissues

44
Q

what causes cariogenic shock shock

A

heart attack
rupture of ventricle or valve
heart rhythm disterbances

45
Q

what causes disruptive shock

A 
sepsis
anaphylaxis
high spinal cord injury
profound anesthesia
vasovagal
newer war gases
46
Q

what causes obstructive shock

A

external compression of heart or its outflow

47
Q

what is the compensated stage of shock and what are some common attributes

A

reversible stage of shock when blood is shunted from everything except heart and brain
no urine production, dry mouth and skin but BP is maintained

48
Q

What is progressive stage of shock

common attributes?

A

sympathetic compensatory mechanisms fail
BP and cardiac output drop
lung and kidney damage occurs
survival becomes unlikely

49
Q

what is the major goal of tretment for shock

A

to restore tissue profusion
control the bleeding
lots of fluids (LOTS)
address cause of bleeding

Clinical Pathology (4 decks)

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