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BRS > Intro to bones and soft tissue > Flashcards

Intro to bones and soft tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of skeleton

A

axial and appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

What is in the axial skeleton

A

skull, spine and rib cage

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3
Q

How many bones in adults

A

206 + sesamoid

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4
Q

how many bones in children

A

270

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5
Q

What are 5 function of the skeleton

A

1) movement
2) protection
3) support
4) mineral storage
5) produces blood cells

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6
Q

What is the primary bone formation method after the 1st 2 months of fetal development in utero

A

endochondral ossification

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7
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A

A way of bone formation

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8
Q

What is the blueprint for ossificaiton

A

hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

What is the first stage of endochondral ossification

A

1) Perichondrium is vascularized (blood vessels penetrate it)

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10
Q

What do these blood vessels that penetrate the peridchondrium do

A

Stimulate mesenchymal cells to differentiate into osteoblasts

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11
Q

Where is the primary ossification centre

A

centre of long bone

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12
Q

Where is the secondary ossification centre

A

at the end of the bone

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13
Q

What is the junction between the primary and secondary ossification centres called

A

epiphysial plate

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14
Q

Where does the growth of bones occur

A

at epiphysial plate

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells

A

1)osteogenic - bone ‘stem cells’ and so in deeper layers of periosteum
2) osteoblasts - secretes osteoid, bone building/forming and mineralisation of osteoid
3) osteoclasts - ‘bone breaking to release Calcium’, dissolve and resorb bone by phagocytosis and derived from bone marrow
4) osteocyte - ‘mature’ bone cell
when an osteoblast becomes embedded in its secretions
senses mechanical stress to direct osteoblast and osteoclast activity

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16
Q

What do osteogenic cells do

A

bone stem cells and are in deeper layers of periosteum

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17
Q

What do osteoblasts do

A

‘bone building’ -secretes osteoid and mineralisation of osteoid

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18
Q

What do osteoclasts do

A

‘bone breaking’

phagocytoses and resorbs bone by phagocytosis and derived from bone marrow

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19
Q

What are osteocytes

A

‘mature bone cells’ - when an osteoblast becomes embedded in its secretions
Can detect mechanical stress and so directs osteoblast and osteocyte activity

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20
Q

Where in the bone are osteogenic cells (THINK!)

A

in the deep layers of the periosteum

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21
Q

Where are osteoblasts

A

‘builds’ so is in the growing sites of the bone including periosteum and endosteum

22
Q

Where are osteocytes

A

in entrapped layers of bone

23
Q

Where are osteoclasts

A

at injured or unneeded areas of the bone

24
Q

Describe the organisation of the bone matrix

A 
Organic component (40%) of which: 
Type 1 collagen (90%) 
ground substance ( 10%) which is made up of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and cytokines and growth factors 
Inorganic component 60% of which: 
Calcium hypoxyapatite
osteocalcium phosphate
25
Q

What is immature bone

A

Bone that is ‘woven’ and not yet mineralised

First bone that is produced

26
Q

What is a cancellous bone and where are they found IN THE SKULL bone

A

They are ‘honeycomb’ like structures that are spongy

  • NOT good for weight bearing
  • in between the cortical bone
  • is TRABECULAR
  • is light but not
27
Q

What is a cortical bone

A

good for weight baring
is compact and dense
‘shell’ on the outside

28
Q

Are osteons present in both cortical and cancellous bones or one or the other and what are they

A

osteons - repeating structural units which have concentric lamellae that surround a central Haverian canal
EXIST in cortical bone only

29
Q

What does the haversian cannal consist of

A

blood vessels, lymph and nerves

30
Q

Which cells make up the lamellae

A
  • laid down by osteoblasts but as they get drapped within their own mineral matrix they became osteocytes
31
Q

what are lacunae

A

Small spaces for osteocytes in them

32
Q

What are canniculli

A

radiate from lacunae filled with extracellular fluid

33
Q

What are volkmans canals

A

transverse radiating canals

34
Q

Describe the structure of a long bone from the joint to the diaphesis

A

Epiphesis
Phesis (part that grows as a child )
Metaphysis
Diaphysis (through - dia)

35
Q

What are the 2 major ways of bone growth

A

1) interstitial growth of the long bone (lenghtens )

2) appositional growth (thickens )

36
Q

Where does interstital growth of bones happen

A

At the physis (physeal plate )

37
Q

How does interstitial growth happen

A

At the epiphyseal side:
cells in the reserve zone migrate to the proliferative zone and undergo mitosis

They then undergo maturation and hypertrophy (accumulation of lipids, glycogen and alkaline phosphatases )
Then matrix calcifies and cell death happens

38
Q

Where happens at the epiphyseal side of interstitial growth

A

hyaline cartilage activates and divides to form hyaline cartilage matrix

39
Q

What happens at the diaphyseal side of interstitial growth

A

hyaline cartilage is calcified and dies and is replaced by bone

40
Q

Describe how appositional growth happens

A

1) Blood vessels form along the ridges of the periosteal groove
2) Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteal lined tunnell
3) osteoblasts in endosteum form new lamellae inwards to the centre of endosteum forming new osteons
4) Bone grows outwards as osteoblasts form new conecntric lamellae. Periosteal ridges fold as new osteons are formed

41
Q

What are the 3 subsets of fibrous joints

A

1) sutures (coronoid suture )
2) syndesmosis ( tibia and fibula or radius and ulna)
3) interosseus membrane ( as above)

42
Q

What are cartilogenous joints and give an example of it

A

bones joined by cartilage (eg vertebra )

43
Q

Give the 6 types of synovial joints

A

1) hinge
2) ball and socket
3) saddle
4) plane
5) pivot
6) condyloid

44
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint

A

ball and socket (multi axial spheroidal joint)

45
Q

What type of joints are in the ankle or elbow

A

hinge joint ( uniaxial as can only rotate in 1 plane)

46
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint

A

hinge joint sort of…. a modified hinge joint

47
Q

Why is the knee not a cartilogenous joint

A

cartilage in knee is incomplete so is is a SINOVIAL JOINT

48
Q

What does the synovial membrane do

A

secretes synovial fluid to reduce friction

49
Q

What else stabilises joints

A

1) ligaments
2) tendons
3) bone surface congruity

50
Q

What is the function of ligaments

A

to prevent excessive movement that could damage joints

51
Q

What do more ligaments and tighter ligaments do

A

more stability but less mobility

52
Q

What could less stability potentially lead to

A

risk of dislocation

BRS (13 decks)

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