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BioChem 1 > Intro to Biochem/Thermodynamics > Flashcards

Intro to Biochem/Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No organelles, No nucleus

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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Organelles and multiple linear chromosomes

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3
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

network of membranes and tubules extending from nuclear envelope

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4
Q

Lumen

A

enclosed aqueous region

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5
Q

Rough ER

A

surface contains ribosomes that catalyze the synthesis of proteins; proteins embedded through membrane to lumen to be packaged into vesicles

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6
Q

Smooth ER

A

portion of ER that does not contain ribosomes; many enzymes involved in lipid metabolism are located here

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7
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

complex of flattened, fluid filled sacs near the ER; modified components are sorted and packaged into new vesicles

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

main site of oxidative energy metabolism; porous outer membrane and impermeable inner membrane

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9
Q

inner membrane of mitochondria

A

highly folded to increase surface area and is a matrix where enzymes involved in metabolism are located

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10
Q

Chloroplasts

A

located in photosynthetic plant cells and similar to mitochondria

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11
Q

Stroma

A

space enclosed by the inner membrane in chloroplasts

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12
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

third lipid bilayer membrane that is highly folded into flattened sacs in chloroplasts

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13
Q

granum

A

stacks of flattened sacs in chloroplasts

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14
Q

Lysosomes

A

digestive vesicles catabolize materials ingested by endocytosis

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15
Q

Peroxisomes

A

single membrane vesicles containing catalase and oxidative enzymes

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16
Q

Vacuoles

A

fluid filled sacs surrounded by single lipid bilayer in plants and protists; store water, ions, and nutrients

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17
Q

Cytosol

A

in prokaryotic cells; gel like cytoplasm that has protein content. Contains ribosomes and the nucleoid

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18
Q

Cell Wall

A

Located in plant cells; composed of cellulose

19
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

lipid bilayer enclosing the cell

20
Q

Relationship between a system, surrounding, and the universe

A

system+surrounding=universe

21
Q

Isolated System

A

No exchange of energy and matter

22
Q

Closed System

A

Exchange of energy but no exchange of matter

23
Q

Open System

A

Exchange of both energy and matter

24
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy of the universe is conserved; energy cannot be created not destroyed

25
Q

+q

A

heat is added to the system

26
Q

-q

A

heat is given off by the system

27
Q

+w

A

work is done by the system to the surroundings (loses energy)

28
Q

-w

A

work is done to the system by the surroundings (gains energy)

29
Q

State Functions

A

Independent of the pathway and is denoted with capitals

30
Q

Nonstate Functions

A

Dependent of the pathway; denoted with lowercase

31
Q

Enthalpy

A

heat content of the system; at constant pressure and temperature H=q

32
Q

H>0

A

heat/energy being put into the system; endothermic

33
Q

H<0

A

heat/energy given off by the system; exothermic

34
Q

Entropy

A

degree of disorder

35
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

All spontaneous processes proceed from order to disorder state. All increase entropy. Will proceed until process reaches equilibrium.

36
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

max amount of work obtained at constant pressure and temperature

37
Q

G<0

A

process is spontaneous; exergonic. Proceeds from initial to final state

38
Q

G>0

A

process is nonspontaneous; endergonic. Proceeds from final to initial state

39
Q

G=0

A

Process is at equilibrium

40
Q

Equilibrium

A

state of minimal potential energy

41
Q

Sign of G

A

indicates the direction

42
Q

exergonic

A

initial —-> final

43
Q

endergonic

A

initial <—– finial

44
Q

Magnitude of G

A

how far away the system is from equilibrium

BioChem 1 (4 decks)

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