Intro to Bio Chem Flashcards
what is with all this chem?
- all living things are made from the same element
- obey all laws of physics and chem
- growth and maintain structure, response to stimuli, reproduction
what is metabolism
the sum of chemical reactions to produce energy (ATP) and other products to make life possible
How do thins like digestion, walking and talking happen?
- chemical reactions occur in a controlled way
- back to basics like cellular resperations and photosynthesis
What is Biochem?
the study of chemical process of living organisms
What is intramolecular bond and what are the 6?
Ionic, non polar, polar
What is Ionic, non polar and polar bonds?
Ionic - electrons are transferred from a non metal atom
Non polar - electrons are equally shared between two non metals
Polar - electros are unequally shared between two non metals
3 types of molecular bonding
london forces, dipole dipole forces, hydrogen bond
what is london forces?
- weakest forces
- formed by unequal distributions of electrons
- not only the force of attraction between noble gases and molecules
- small non polar molecules share because of weak attraction to make it hold together
What is dipole dipole forces?
- hold polar molecules together
- the slightly negative side end is attracted to the slightly positive side
What is hydrogen bond?
- strongest bond
- occurs between H in a polar molecule and another electronegative N,O and F of a neighboring polar molecule
Acids
Acids - donate a proton
- attracted to nearby electrons that are unshared
Bases
- accepts a proton
- dissaossiates to from a hydroxide ion
strong bases - ionize directly to OH
Buffers, and why is it needed?
helps resist the change in PH of a solution
needed - to help maintain equilibrium and minamilizes changes in concentration
neutralise any acids or bases
Acids in living things
Bases in living things
Acids in living things contain the carboxyl group (R - COOH)
Bases in living things contain the Amino group (NH2) and the Bicarbonate ion (HCO3)
Most important buffer in the…
human blood and biological solutions are the
carbonic acid (H2CO3) and Bicarbonate ion buffer system (HCO)
Acids added to a solution
Increases in H
bicarbonate neutralizes any added acids
takes in an H
HCO3 + H = H2CO3
Bases added to a solution
Increases in OH
Carbonic acid neutralizes any added bases
Gives an H
H2CO3 + OH = HCO3 + H2O
Biological Fluids
Ph = 7.5
smaller than 7.35 acidosis
bigger than 7.45 alkalosis
Study of carbon
- carbon forms large and complex molecules
- rest of the cell if it is not water it is carbon bases
- molecules that differ living matter are all made from carbon
Carbon molecules
each carbon is bonded to 4 other atoms it has a tetrahedral shape
BUT when 2 carbon atoms are joined by a double bond the molecules has a flat shape
What are the common elements to partner up with?
H O N C
building code that makes up living structures
What is Carbon skeleton diversity?
- use bonds to form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons
- carbon chains form skeletons of most organic molecules
2 types of formulas of an element
Molecular Formula:
Shows the elements and the number of atoms
Structural Formula:
graphic rep of the structure
What are isomers?
compounds that are the same but different formula and properties
3 types of isomers
Structural isomers
Geometric isomer
Enantiomer
What is a Structural Isomer?
they have different covalent arrangements of atoms
What is Geometic Isomer?
has to be double bonded to find the same covalent arrangements but different special spatual
Cis = the same
trans = across
What is Enatiomer
mirror images from each other - due to the different spatial arrangements around asymmetrical carbon
what is functional groups?
- special groups of atoms that stick together attached to a carbon skeleton
- number and arrangement of functional groups will give each molecule its unique property
What is a linkage?
- the functional group of organic molecules that react together to link themselves into large molecules
what is dehydration synthesis?
or known as condensation reaction
- the process of forming linkages by a water molecule is removed
What are the 3 types of linkage?
ether linkage, peptide linkage and ester linkage
what is ether linkage?
reaction between two OH groups
What is peptide linkage?
reaction between amino group and carboxyl group
What is Esther linkage?
reaction between carboxyl and hydroxyl group
Hydroxyl formula, name and found in
R-OH
Alcohol
Found in sugars, polar
Carbonyl
R - C = O - H
Adlehyde
Found in sugars, polar
R - C = O - R
ketone
Carboxyl
R - C = O - OH
carboxylic acid
Found in amino acids acts as a buffer and is a proton donor
Amino
R - N - H - H
R - N - H - H - H
Amines
Found in amino acids acts as a buffer and is a proton donor
Sulfhydro
R - SH
Thiols
forms disulfite bridges
found in proteins
