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Pharm III > Intro to Antibiotics > Flashcards

Intro to Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Contamination

A

Organism inadvertently introduced during specimen collection or processing

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2
Q

Colonization

A

Organism is present at body site but is not invading host tissue or inducing signs and symptoms of infection

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3
Q

Infection

A

Pathogenic organism is damaging host tissue and eliciting signs and symptoms of infection

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4
Q

Empiric Therapy

A

Antibiotics are chosen that have activity against likely pathogens

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5
Q

Direct (Targeted therapy)

A

Antibiotic regimen is modified once culture and susceptibility results are available

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6
Q

Spectrum of Activity

A

General list of bacterial that are killed or inhibited by an antibiotic (Gram neg/Gram +)

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7
Q

Narrow Spectrum

A

limited group of bacteria

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8
Q

Broad Spectrum

A

Wide variety of bacteria

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9
Q

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

A

Lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits visible bacterial growth

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10
Q

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

A

Lowest concentration of antibiotic that kills bacteria

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11
Q

MIC vs. MBC

A

Usually the MBC is higher than the MIC. Takes more antibiotic to kill the organism than inhibit its growth

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12
Q

Susceptibility

A

Organism will most likely be eradicated with normal dose of antibiotic

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13
Q

Resistant

A

MIC exceeds usual serum concentration of antibiotic so less optimal results are expected

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14
Q

MIC Determination Broth Dilution

A

Serial dilutions of the antibiotic in broth are incubated with standard inoculum of the infecting bacteria

MIC- lowest concentration of antibiotic that prevents visible growth of bacteria

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15
Q

MIC Determination Macro Broth Dilution

A

Serial dilutions of an antibiotic are incubated with a standard inoculum of the infecting bacteria in test tubes

MIC- first tube without visible growth

Exact MIC of the antibiotic against the infecting organism

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16
Q

MIC Determination Micro Broth Dilution

A

microtiter plates with serial dilutions of several antibiotics tested at the same time

-most common method

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17
Q

Disk Diffusion- Kirby Bauer

A
  • Doesn’t yield MIC
  • Determines whether bacteria are susceptible or resistant to an antibiotic.

Used for Pseudomonas- more accurate than other options

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18
Q

E-Test

A

Yields MIC

Plastic strip impregnanted with known concentration of antibiotic and placed on agar plates inoculated with bacteria

Bacteria grows before MIC

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19
Q

Prophylactic Therapy

A

Antibiotics given to prevent the development of an infection

  • i.e. for patients who have been exposed to people with N. Meningitidis
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20
Q

Combination Therapy

A
  • broaden bacterial coverage to cover all organisms causing infection
  • Decreases the emergence of resistance
  • Synergy
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21
Q

Synergy

A

The effect of the combination is greater than the effect of each antibiotic individually

(A+B) > A + B

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22
Q

Additive

A

Activity of the combination is not greater than the sum of the effects of each individual agent

(A + B) = A + B

23
Q

Antagonism

A

Activity of the combination is less than expected from the additive activity of individual agents

(A + B)

24
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth

Killing depends on host defense mechanisms

Disadvantages: Inadequate host defenses, organisms may survive, replicate and produce recurrent infection with antibiotic is discontinued

25
Q

Bactericidal

A

Antibiotic kills bacteria, less dependent on host defense mechanisms (preferable if host is IC)

Required for treatment of meningitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, febrile neutropenia

26
Q

Diseases that need bactericidal Antibiotics

A
  • Meningitis
  • endocarditis
  • osteomyelitis
  • febrile neutropenia
27
Q

B-Lactams

A

Bactericidal (Cell wall synthesis Inhibitor)

28
Q

Glycopeptides

A

Bactericidal (cell wall synthesis inhibitor)

29
Q

Lipopeptides

A

Bactericidal (Cell wall synthesis inhibitor)

30
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Bactericidal (Protein synthesis inhibitor)

31
Q

Macrolides

A

Bacteriostatic (Protein synthesis inhibitor)

32
Q

Tetracyclines, Clycylcyclines

A

Bacteriostatic (Protein synthesis inhibitor)

33
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Bacteriostatic (Protein synthesis inhibitor)

34
Q

Lincosamides

A

Bacteriostatic (protein synthesis inhibitor)

35
Q

Streptogramins

A

Bacteriostatic (Protein synthesis inhibitors)

36
Q

Oxazolidinoes

A

Bacteriostatic (Protein synthesis inhibitors)

37
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Bactericidal (Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor)

38
Q

Metronidazole

A

Bactericidal (Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor)

39
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Bactericidal (Metabolic inhibitor)

40
Q

Pharmacodynamic Perameters

A

AUC/MIC

Anything above the MIC is able to be detected in the serum, if you go below the MIC, it is harder to detect in the serum

41
Q

Post- Antibiotic Effect

A

Time it takes bacteria to regrow once serum concentration has dropped below the MIC

If a drug has a long PAE, it will be allowed to drop bellow the MIC before dosing again

42
Q

Concentration Dependent Killing

A

The higher the level of drug in the serum the more extensive and rapid the killing is.

May give a high dose just to get the high level to get the concentration dependent killing.

43
Q

High PAE and CDK

A

You can give the drug once daily

i.e. Aminoglycosides

44
Q

Time Dependent Killing

A

Killing of bacteria depends on time of exposure above the MIC, not the high serum concentration

Next dose has to be right away
Killing depends on the time of exposure above the MIC not high serum concentrations

You can change the dosing of the drug to give you a lower concentration above the MIC but dose it for longer and this can cause killing

45
Q

Beta- Lactam Elimination

A

Kidney elimination

46
Q

Vancomycin Elimination

A

Kidney elimination

47
Q

Aminoglycoside Elimination

A

Kidney elimination

48
Q

FQ’s 1

A

Kidney elimination & Liver Elimination

49
Q

Bactrim

A

Kidney elimination & Liver Elimination

50
Q

Daptomycin

A

Kidney elimination

51
Q

Tetracyclin

A

Kidney elimination

52
Q

Macrolides

A

Liver Elimination

53
Q

Doxycycline

A

Liver Elimination

54
Q

Tigecycline

A

Liver Elimination

Pharm III (8 decks)

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