Intro to animals

Question 1

what are the three traits that animals (eukaryotes) which are monophletic share?

Answer 1

multicellularity
heterotrophy - they ingest their food
they move under their own power at some point during their life cycle

Question 2

what are the characteristics that seperate the animal kingdom from the other kingdoms and subgroups

Answer 2

nutritional modes
cell structure and specialisation
reproduction and development
similarities in their body parts

Question 3

how do animals differ from plants and fungi in their modes of nutrition

Answer 3

Plants are Autotrophic in that they produce their own food
through Photosynthesis.
Fungi, though Heterotrophic, digest their food externally and
then absorb it and are referred to as Saprophytic.

Question 4

what are the feeding tactics observed in animals

Answer 4

suspension feeders
deposit feeders
fluid feeders
mass feeders

Question 5

what are suspension feeders? list an example

Answer 5

Suspension Feeders
employ a wide array of
structures to trap
suspended particles
and bring them to their
mouths.

scallop

Question 6

what are deposit feeders? list an example

Answer 6

Deposit Feeders eat
their way through a
substrate digesting
organic matter in the
soil or on the seafloor

sea cucumber

Question 7

what are fluid feeders? list an example

Answer 7

Fluid Feeders suck or
mop up liquids like
nectar, plant sap, blood,
or fruit juice. They often
have mouthparts that
allow them to pierce a
structure to withdraw the
fluids inside.

blowfly

Question 8

what are mass feeders? list an example

Answer 8

Mass Feeders take
chunks of food into their
mouths and the
mouthparts correlates
with the type of food
pieces eaten.

frog

Question 9

what are three sources of food for animals

Answer 9

plants and algae
other animals
detritus

Question 10

where do endoparasites live? give an example

Answer 10

endoparasites live inside the body of their host

tapeworm

Question 11

where do ectoparasites live? give an example

Answer 11

ectoparasites live outside of their host

hair lice

Question 12

what are the two types of parasites

Answer 12

endoparasites and ectoparasites

Question 13

what is collagen

Answer 13

collagen is the most abundant of protiens used in structural support and to connect animal cells

Question 14

what are the three examples of animal specialisation?

Answer 14

magnetism eg. birds and turtles
electric fields eg. sharks and rays
barometric pressure eg. animals are known to act differently prior to storms

Question 15

what are the three functions in adult animal movement

Answer 15

finding food
finding mates
escaping from predators

Question 16

what are the two types of animal limbs?

Answer 16

unjointed eg. velvet worm

jointed eg. crabs

Question 17

what are the four phases of embryonic development found in all animal groups

Answer 17

cleavage
gastrulation
organogenesis
growth to adult

Question 18

what is cleavage

Answer 18

Cleavage is the set of rapid cell divisions that take
place in animal zygotes immediately after
fertilisation.

Question 19

what are the three stages of cleavage

Answer 19

zygote > morula > bastula

lecture 5 page 4 slide 4

Question 20

what are the two different patterns of cleavage determined by the division to the long axis of the embryo

Answer 20

spiral cleavage

radial cleavage

Question 21

what are the two different patterns of cleavage determined by resulting data

Answer 21

equal cleavage

unequal cleavage

Question 22

what are the two different patterns of cleavage determined by the amount of yolk in the embryo

Answer 22

complete cleavage

incomplete cleavage

Question 23

what are the five germ layers

Answer 23

ectoderm
endoderm
blastopore
archenteron
mesoderm

Question 24

list three examples of ectoderm

Answer 24

skin
glands of the skin
hair and nails

Question 25

list three examples of endoderm

Answer 25

lining of digestive system
respiratory system
liver

Question 26

list three examples of mesoderm

Answer 26

bones and cartilage
muscles
circulatory system

Question 27

what is organogenesis

Answer 27

Organogenesis is the process of tissue and organ
formation that begins once gastrulation is complete
and the embryonic germ layers are in place

Question 28

what are some factors which are responsible for cellular differentiation

Answer 28

The eggs cytoplasm influences the course of early development
Original position of cells during Gasturalation.
Position of cells in regards to other cells.
Receives chemical signals form other tissues or structures.
Hormones that cause specific cells to react in specific ways.

Question 29

what are the chromosome levels for males and females

Answer 29

males have one x and one y chromosome

females have two x chromosomes