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AVS 305 > Intro to Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Intro to Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is Animal Nutrition?

A

The science of how animals assimilate feeds, and how the nutrients in feed are utilized for growth, tissue repair and replacement, production of animal products.

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2
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Any chemical element or compound provided in the diet that can support growth, reproduction, lactation or maintenance of life processes.

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3
Q

What is the greatest nutrient?

A

Water

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4
Q

What are the classes of nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, Protein (amino acids), Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals, Water

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5
Q

What do Carbohydrates contain?

A

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

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6
Q

What are the classes of Carbohydrates?

A

1) Simple sugars: the primary energy source for cells
Ex: glucose

2) Complex CHO: maintain health of digestive system
Ex: cellulose (fiber)

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7
Q

What do Proteins contain?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur

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8
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

structural role
internal communication
source of energy

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9
Q

What do Lipids contain?

A

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

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10
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

source of large amount of energy
major components of cell membranes
regulation of cellular processes

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11
Q

What are lipid containing foods?

A

butter, oils

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12
Q

What are carbohydrate containing foods?

A

breads, cereals, pasta, rice (simple)

hay, straw (complex)

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13
Q

What are protein containing foods?

A

meats, eggs, cheese, fish, dry distiller grains

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14
Q

What does water contain?

A

hydrogen and oxygen

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15
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

dissolves and carries nutrients, gases, and waste
provides environement for chemical reactions
body temperature regulation

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16
Q

What is the major function of water?

A

solvent

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17
Q

What do vitamins consist of?

A

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

*some contain mineral elements

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18
Q

What do vitamins not provide?

A

structure or energy

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19
Q

What are the two classifications of Vitamins?

A

1) Water-soluble
- B vitamins
- Vitamin C

2) Fat-soluble
- Vitamins A, D, E, K

20
Q

What are the functions of vitamins

A

Regulate body processes
Promote growth and development
Build and maintain tissues
Assist in use of energy from CHO, protein, and lipids

21
Q

What are minerals?

A

All inorganic substances in the body besides water

  • Naturally occur in the earth
  • Not used directly for energy
22
Q

What are the functions of minerals?

A

1) Structural role
- calcium, phosphorus

2) Regulation of body processes
- sodium

3) Facilitate chemical reactions
- sodium

23
Q

What are the nutrient categories?

A

Essential and non-essential nutrients
Macronutrient and micronutrient
Organic and inorganic nutrient

24
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

A chemical element or compound that must be obtained in the diet because the body:

1) cannot synthesize it
2) or the body can synthesize it BUT NOT in adequate amounts

25
Q

What is a nonessential nutrient?

A

a chemical element or compound the body synthesizes in sufficient quantities if it is lacking in the diet

26
Q

What is a micronutrient?

A

Vitamins, minerals

You only need small amounts

27
Q

What is a macronutrient?

A

water, carbohydrate, proteins, lipids

You need larger amounts

28
Q

What is an organic nutrient?

A

a substance that contains carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds

CHO, proteins, lipids, vitamins

29
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

a substance that does not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds

water, minerals

30
Q

What are the major functions of nutrients?

A

structure of cells and tissues
regulation of body functions
energy provision

31
Q

How do you control body function?

A

Hormones
Neurotransmitters

Co-factors and Co-enzymes facilitate a metabolic reaction, but are not consumed by it

32
Q

How are calories measured?

A

Bomb calorimeter

33
Q

What is a calorie?

A

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree

34
Q

What is a kilicalorie?

A

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg (1,000 g) of water 1 degree

35
Q

How many kcal/g are in carbohydrates?

A

4

36
Q

How many kcal/g are in protein?

A

4

37
Q

How many kcal/g are in lipids?

A

9

38
Q

How many kcal/g are in alcohol?

A

7

39
Q

What are non-nutrient nutritional factors?

A

Functional foods
Gut microbes
Probiotics
Prebiotics

40
Q

Functional Foods

A

Phytochemicals – “plant chemicals”
Zoonutrients – “animal nutrients”
Probiotics (living)
Prebiotics (non-living)

41
Q

Gut Microbes, Nutrient & Health

A 
Gastrointestinal microbiota
Bacteria, bacteriophage, protozoa, fungi
Composition affected by:
Diet
Probiotics, Prebiotics
Antibiotics

Commensal “friendly” microbiota:
Provide competition for pathogenic microbes
“Prime” the immune system
Maintain pH
Provide host with amino acids, vit K, vit B
Microbial imbalance/”dysbacteriosis” is associated with illnesses

42
Q

What are probiotics?

A

live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host

43
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

non-viable food/feed component that confers a health benefit on the host associated to microbiota modulation

Mainly carbohydrate in nature
Energy source for (stimulate growth of) beneficial microorganisms in the colon

44
Q

What are the main functions of probiotics?

A 
Increase:
calcium/other mineral absorption
balance intestinal microbiota
immune response
pathogen antagonism
Decrease:
bowel inflammation
allergy symptoms
colon cancer risk
triglycerides cholesterol
45
Q

What are the main prebiotic funtions?

A 
Increase:
calcium/other mineral absorption
immune response
folate/B vitamins
desirable microbiota in action
faeces output

Decrease:
colon cancer risk
triglycerides cholesterol
caloric value

46
Q

What are the differences of plants vs. animals

A

Plants can: photosynthesize, synthesize amino acids from inorganic N

AVS 305 (9 decks)

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