Intro to Animal Nutrition Flashcards
What is Animal Nutrition?
The science of how animals assimilate feeds, and how the nutrients in feed are utilized for growth, tissue repair and replacement, production of animal products.
What is a nutrient?
Any chemical element or compound provided in the diet that can support growth, reproduction, lactation or maintenance of life processes.
What is the greatest nutrient?
Water
What are the classes of nutrients?
Carbohydrates, Protein (amino acids), Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals, Water
What do Carbohydrates contain?
carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
What are the classes of Carbohydrates?
1) Simple sugars: the primary energy source for cells
Ex: glucose
2) Complex CHO: maintain health of digestive system
Ex: cellulose (fiber)
What do Proteins contain?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur
What are the functions of proteins?
structural role
internal communication
source of energy
What do Lipids contain?
carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
What are the functions of lipids?
source of large amount of energy
major components of cell membranes
regulation of cellular processes
What are lipid containing foods?
butter, oils
What are carbohydrate containing foods?
breads, cereals, pasta, rice (simple)
hay, straw (complex)
What are protein containing foods?
meats, eggs, cheese, fish, dry distiller grains
What does water contain?
hydrogen and oxygen
What are the functions of water?
dissolves and carries nutrients, gases, and waste
provides environement for chemical reactions
body temperature regulation
What is the major function of water?
solvent
What do vitamins consist of?
carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
*some contain mineral elements
What do vitamins not provide?
structure or energy
What are the two classifications of Vitamins?
1) Water-soluble
- B vitamins
- Vitamin C
2) Fat-soluble
- Vitamins A, D, E, K
What are the functions of vitamins
Regulate body processes
Promote growth and development
Build and maintain tissues
Assist in use of energy from CHO, protein, and lipids
What are minerals?
All inorganic substances in the body besides water
- Naturally occur in the earth
- Not used directly for energy
What are the functions of minerals?
1) Structural role
- calcium, phosphorus
2) Regulation of body processes
- sodium
3) Facilitate chemical reactions
- sodium
What are the nutrient categories?
Essential and non-essential nutrients
Macronutrient and micronutrient
Organic and inorganic nutrient
What is an essential nutrient?
A chemical element or compound that must be obtained in the diet because the body:
1) cannot synthesize it
2) or the body can synthesize it BUT NOT in adequate amounts
What is a nonessential nutrient?
a chemical element or compound the body synthesizes in sufficient quantities if it is lacking in the diet
What is a micronutrient?
Vitamins, minerals
You only need small amounts
What is a macronutrient?
water, carbohydrate, proteins, lipids
You need larger amounts
What is an organic nutrient?
a substance that contains carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds
CHO, proteins, lipids, vitamins
What is an inorganic compound?
a substance that does not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds
water, minerals
What are the major functions of nutrients?
structure of cells and tissues
regulation of body functions
energy provision
How do you control body function?
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Co-factors and Co-enzymes facilitate a metabolic reaction, but are not consumed by it
How are calories measured?
Bomb calorimeter
What is a calorie?
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree
What is a kilicalorie?
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg (1,000 g) of water 1 degree
How many kcal/g are in carbohydrates?
4
How many kcal/g are in protein?
4
How many kcal/g are in lipids?
9
How many kcal/g are in alcohol?
7
What are non-nutrient nutritional factors?
Functional foods
Gut microbes
Probiotics
Prebiotics
Functional Foods
Phytochemicals – “plant chemicals”
Zoonutrients – “animal nutrients”
Probiotics (living)
Prebiotics (non-living)
Gut Microbes, Nutrient & Health
Gastrointestinal microbiota Bacteria, bacteriophage, protozoa, fungi Composition affected by: Diet Probiotics, Prebiotics Antibiotics
Commensal “friendly” microbiota:
Provide competition for pathogenic microbes
“Prime” the immune system
Maintain pH
Provide host with amino acids, vit K, vit B
Microbial imbalance/”dysbacteriosis” is associated with illnesses
What are probiotics?
live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host
What are prebiotics?
non-viable food/feed component that confers a health benefit on the host associated to microbiota modulation
Mainly carbohydrate in nature
Energy source for (stimulate growth of) beneficial microorganisms in the colon
What are the main functions of probiotics?
Increase: calcium/other mineral absorption balance intestinal microbiota immune response pathogen antagonism
Decrease: bowel inflammation allergy symptoms colon cancer risk triglycerides cholesterol
What are the main prebiotic funtions?
Increase: calcium/other mineral absorption immune response folate/B vitamins desirable microbiota in action faeces output
Decrease:
colon cancer risk
triglycerides cholesterol
caloric value
What are the differences of plants vs. animals
Plants can: photosynthesize, synthesize amino acids from inorganic N
