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AVS 305 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of carbohydrates?

A

Grass, corn silage, hay, corn, potato, sugar beets,

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2
Q

What roles do carbohydrates play in plants?

A

1) Structural Support
- cellulose
2) Energy Reserve
- starch
3) Tissue Synthesis
- DNA and RNA framework

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3
Q

Where are there large amounts of carbohydrates?

A

Plant tissue

-starch, fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose)

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4
Q

Where are there small amounts of carbohydrates?

A

Animal tissue

-glucose: “blood sugar” and glycogen (energy storage)

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5
Q

What are simple carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccarhides and Disaccarhides

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6
Q

What do monosaccharides consist of?

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

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7
Q

What do disaccharides consist of?

A

lactose, fructose, and maltose

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8
Q

How many sugar units do monosaccharides have?

A

1

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9
Q

How many sugar units to disaccharides have?

A

2

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10
Q

What does lactose consist of?

A

glucose and galactose

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11
Q

What does sucrose consist of?

A

glucose and fructose

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12
Q

What does maltose consist of?

A

glucose and glucose

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13
Q

What are complex carbohydrates?

A

oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

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14
Q

How many sugar units do oligosaccharides have?

A

3-10

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15
Q

How many sugar units do polysaccharides have?

A

more than 10

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16
Q

What do oligosaccharides consist of?

A

raffinose, stachyose, verbascose

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17
Q

What do polysaccharides consist of?

A

starch, glycogen, dietary fiber

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18
Q

What do monosaccharides consist of?

A

single sugar units of C:H:O in the ratio of 1:2:1

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19
Q

How are monosaccharides characterized?

A

the number of C atoms they contain

there are about 70 known monosaccharides

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20
Q

What are isomers?

A

each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

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21
Q

What is glucose?

A
  • commercially produced by hydrolysis of cornstarch

- most abundant monosaccharide in the body

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22
Q

What is galactose?

A
  • combines glucose to form lactose
  • component of galactolipids found in plants

*galactolipids: lipids bound to galactose

23
Q

What make cell membranes?

A

phospholipids

24
Q

What are the cerebrosides?

A

lipids that form shape around your nerves.

25
Q

What is fructose?

A
  • sweetest of all sugars
  • combines with glucose to form sucrose
  • major sweetener used in many foods
26
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate- energy currency of cells

27
Q

ribose+adenine=

A

adenosine

28
Q

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

A

number of phosphates

29
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

consist of 2 monosaccharide units attached together by a glycosidic bond

30
Q

What is a reaction with water?

A

hydration reaction or condensation reaction

31
Q

What is lactose?

A
  • only found naturally in milk
  • glucose+galactose
    • Beta-1,4 glycosidic bond
  • broken down by lactase
32
Q

What is sucrose?

A
  • table sugar
  • most widely distributed disaccharide
  • glucose+fructose
    • alpha-1,2 glycosidic bond
  • broken down by sucrase
33
Q

What is maltose?

A
  • contained in malt beverages
    • hydrolysis of starch
  • glucose+glucose
    • alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond
  • broken down by maltase
34
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A
  • components of cell membranes
  • sources: dried beans, soybeans, peas, lentils, sweet potato
  • part of milk (human milk)- prebiotic effects
35
Q

Do humans lack enzymes to digest oligosaccharides?

A

Yes. They cause bloat, cramps, and gas.

36
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

made of hundreds of monosaccharide units bonded together to form high molecular weight polymers

37
Q

How is starch stored in a polysaccharide?

A
  • in the form of amyloplasts

- amylose and amylopectin

38
Q

Where is glycogen stored in a polysaccharide?

A

liver and muscles

also, kidneys and uterus

39
Q

What is fiber key for?

A

ruminants

not used for energy storage in humans

40
Q

What is starch?

A

long chains of glucose molecules connected together

41
Q

What are the two forms of starch?

A

1) Amylose
- alpha-1,4 (unbranched chains)
2) Amylopectin
- alpha- 1,4 and alpha 1,6 (branched chains)

42
Q

What is amylose?

A

-long unbranched chains of glucose connected by alpha-1,4 linkage
-soluble in water
20-30% of starch in most plants

43
Q

What is amylopectin?

A
  • branched chain polymer with alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 linkages
  • each side chain contains 19-26 glucose units
  • comprises 70-80% of starch
44
Q

What is glycogen?

A
  • branched chain polymer
    • alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 linkages
  • storage form of glucose in animals
45
Q

What is carbohydrate loading?

A

the dietary technique used by athletes to increase glycogen stored in the liver and muscle tissue

  • delays the onset of fatigue
  • avoid early low energy levels
46
Q

What are soluble fibers?

A

some hemicellulose, pectin, gums, beta-glucans

47
Q

What are insoluble fibers?

A

lignin, cellulose, some hemicellulose

48
Q

What is fiber?

A

structural carbohydrates in plants

-stem, husk of seeds

49
Q

What is cellulose?

A
  • long linear chains of glucose units in beta-1,4 linkage
  • insoluble in water
  • indigestible by mammalian enzymes
50
Q

What is hemicellulose?

A

chain of different sugars in backbone, side chains

beta- 1,4 and alpha-1,2 linkages

51
Q

What is lignin?

A
  • highly branched poly-phenolic polymer
    • many phenol units with strong bonding
  • 2nd most abundant organic polymer
  • does NOT contain sugar units (so not a carbohydrate)
  • forms linkages with cellulose and hemicellulose
  • content increases as plants mature
    • indigestible by mammalian, microbial cells
52
Q

What is pectin?

A
  • complex group of pectic polysaccharides rich in galacturonic acid
  • alpha-1,4 linked galacturonic acid
  • some have sugar side chains
  • found in cell wall of citrus fruits (gelling agent in jam and jellies)
53
Q

What are Beta-Glucans?

A

homo-polymers of glucopyranose units with beta-1,4 and beta-1,3 linkages

  • water soluble
  • highly fermentable
  • used commercially as functional fiber
    • reduce cholesterol
    • reduce post prandial glucose concentration

AVS 305 (9 decks)

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