Intro to Ani Nutri Flashcards
edible material needed by animal for growth, health, and reproduction
feed
feed given to animals for one day
ration
animals possessing compound stomach
ruminants
animals with simple stomach
non ruminants
substances needed by animals to sustain life
nutrients
feed with high fiber content and low protein
roughage
feed with high protein content and low fiber
concentrates
feed material for ruminant animals, either fresh or dry, but usually cereals
fodder crops
fermented forage crops
silage
fresh forage crops
soilage
any feed constituent which may function in the nutritive support of the animal
nutrient
any feed low (below 20%) in crude fiber and high (over 60%) TDN on an air-dry basis
concentrate
any feed high in (over 20%) in crude fiber and low (under about 60%) in TDN, on an air-dry basis
roughage
basic functions of feed nutrients
• build and maintains body structure
• source of energy for heat production, work and/or fat deposition
• regulate body processes/activities and as constituents of body-produced regulators
6 basic classes of nutrients
• water
• carbohydrates
• proteins
• fat
• minerals
• vitamins
most basic nutrient because of its active and structural participation in life
water
cheapest nutrient required in largest amount
water
3 sources of water
• drinking water
• water in food
• metabolic water
functions of water
• solvent that transports nutrients in the body and in which waste products are excreted
• regulates body temperature
• involved in chemical reaction brought about by enzymes
neutral chemical compounds with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
carbohydrates
main component of all plants and many seeds
carbohydrates
plants store energy in the form of carbohydrates
starch
“grape sugar” primary form utilized for energy production
glucose
“fruit sugar” sweetest among the naturally occurring carbohydrates
fructose
component of milk sugar
galactose
monosaccharides:
• glucose
• fructose
• galactose
disaccharides:
• sucrose
• maltose
• lactose
“cane or beet sugar” commonly used as food sweetener
sucrose
“cane or beet sugar” commonly used as food sweetener
sucrose
“malt sugar” used in the manufacture of beer or scotch whiskey
maltose
“malt sugar” used in the manufacture of beer or scotch whiskey
maltose
“milk sugar” imparts a faint sweet taste in milk
lactose
polysaccharides:
• starch
• glycogen
• cellulose
polysaccharides:
• starch
• glycogen
• cellulose
reserve carbohydrates in plants, primary energy source of animals
starch
“animal starch” essential in energy metabolism
glycogen
most abundant single polymer in plant kingdom
cellulose
serves as electron carriers
substrates to enzymatic reactions
components of biological membranes
sources and stores of energy
lipids
in animals this is a major form of energy storage
lipids
important source of stored energy
____ are usually of animal origin
____ are from plants and marine mammals
Fats and Oils
Fats
Oils
primary constituents of biological membranes
phospholipids
widely distributed in plants and animals where they have protective functions
waxes
steroids:
• sterols
• bile acids
• adrenal and sex hormones
hormone like substances that regulate many cell functions like blood clotting, blood pressure and immune responses
eicosanoids
complex organic compounds of high molecular weight
proteins
similar to carbohydrates and fats, it also contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, in addition to nitrogen and sulfur
proteins
functions of proteins:
• found in all living cells, where they intimately connected with all phases of activity that constitutes the life of the cell
• comprise collagens, elastins, keratin, albumin and globulin
chicks, in addition to the 10 essential amino acids also need a dietary supply of __________
glycine
pig on the other hand does not need to be supplied with __________ as this animal can synthesise it
arginine
in ruminants, all _________________ can be synthesised by the rumen microorganisms, making them independent of a dietary source of amino acids
essential amino acids
proved to have a metabolic role in the body, deficiency of these elements will cause deficiency symptoms in animals
essential mineral elements
present in the body in a concentration not greater than 50mg/kg and are required at less than 100mg/kg in the diet. They function as activators or co-factors of enzymes.
trace elements
examples of trace elements
iron,zinc,copper, molybdenum, selenium, iodine, manganese, and cobalt
generally required at a relatively larger amount than the trace elements. they function as components of tissue structure.
macro elements
examples of macro elements
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, sulfur and magnesium
organic compounds required in small amounts for normal growth and maintenance of animal life as well as plants
vitamins
are easily destroyed by oxidation, speeded up by heat, light and certain metals like iron.
vitamins
stored in the fatty tissues of the body and therefore are poorly excreted
fat soluble vitamins
readily excreted in the urine. if not provided in the diet they rapidly become deficient because they are poorly stored
water soluble vitamins
least stable and easily destroyed among the vitamins
vitamin c
