Digestive system of ruminants and non ruminants Flashcards
the ___________ digestive system uniquely qualifies ________ animals such as cattles to efficiently use high roughage feedstuffs including forages
ruminant
anatomy of ruminant digestive system
mouth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, 4 compartment stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine
producing saliva for buffering rumen pH
salivary glands
four compartment stomach:
• rumen
• reticulum
• omasum
• abomasum
small intestine:
• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum
large intestines:
• cecum
• colon
• rectum
a ruminant uses its mouth and tongue to harvest forages during __________ or to consume harvested feedstuffs
grazing
wrapping their tongues around the plants then pulling to tear the forage for consumption
grazing
cattle take from _______ to more than _______ prehensile bites to harvest forage while grazing each days
25,000 to 40,000
other term for ruminating
cud chewing
aids in chewing and swallowing, contains enzymes for breakdown of fat and starch and is involved in nitrogen recycling in to the rumen
saliva
aids in chewing and swallowing, contains enzymes for breakdown of fat and starch and is involved in nitrogen recycling in to the rumen
saliva
saliva’s most important function
buffer pH levels in the reticulum and rumen
mature cows produces up to ____ quarts a saliva per day
50
true ruminants such as
cattle, sheep, goats, deers and antelopes
ruminant stomach occupies almost ___% of the abdominal cavity filling nearly of the left side and extending significantly into the right side
75
rumen and reticulum comprise ___% of the volume of the total stomach
84
omasum comprise ___% of the volume of the total stomach
12
abomasum comprise ___% of the volume of the total stomach
4
largest stomach compartment holding up to 40 gallons in a mature cow
rumen
is called the honeycomb because of the honeycomb appearance of its lining
reticulum
sit underneath and toward the front of the rumen, lying against the diaphragm.
reticulum
main function is to collect smaller digesta particles and move them into the omasum while the larger particles remain in the rumen for further digestion
reticulum
hardware stomach where it also traps and collects heavy/dense objects animals consumes
reticulum
during normal digestive tract contractions, this object can penetrate the reticulum wall and make its way to the heart where it can lead to ______
hardware disease
sometimes called the paunch. it is lined with papillae for nutrient absorption and divided by muscular pillars into the dorsal, ventral, caudodorsal, and caudoventral sacs
rumen
act as a fermentation vat by hosting microbial fermentation
rumen
about ___ to ___ % of starch and soluble sugar consumed is digested in the rumen
50 to 65
rumen pH
6.5 to 6.8
rumen environment is
anaerobic
produce cellulase which acts on a cellulose and cellobiose
cellulolytic bacteria
organisms capable of hydrolyzing cellulose are usually able to utilize hemicellulose
hemicellulose fermenting bacteria
ingest sugars and store these as amylopectin, then realising this readily fermentable carbohydrate back into the rumen fluid later
rumen protozoa
rumen microbes:
• cellulolytic bacteria
• hemicellulose fermenting bacteria
• amylolytic (starch fermenting) bacteria
• sugar fermenters
• rumen protozoa
temp inside rumen
39-40C
spherical and connected to the reticulum by a short tunnel
omasum
other term for omasum in reference to the many folds or leaves that resembles pages of a book
“butcher’s bible” “many piles”
water absorption occurs in
omasum
is the true stomach of a ruminant
abomasum
a compartment that is most similar to a stomach in a nonruminant
abomination
produces hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, such as pepsin and receives digestive enzymes secreted from pancreas such as pancreatic lipase
abomasum
enzymes that breaks down proteins
pepsin
enzymes that break down fats
pancreatic lipase
abomasum pH
3.5 to 4.0
a tube up to 150 feet long with a 20 gallon capacity in a mature cow
small intestine
digesta entering the small intestine mix with secretions from the pancreas and liver, which elevate the ph from 2.5 to
7 and 8
bile from gall bladder is secreted into the first section of small intestine to aid in digestion which is the
duodenum
active nutrient absorption occurs throughout the ________ including rumen bypass protein absorption
small intestine
intestinal wall contains numerous “finger-like” projections called _____ that increases intestinal surface area to aid in absorption
villi
absorbs water from material passing through it and then excretes the remaining feces from the rectum
large intestine
a large blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine approximately 3ft long with a 2 gallon capacity in the mature cow
cecum
site of most of the water absorption in the large intestine
colon
immature ruminants such as a young growing calves from birth to about 2 to 3 months of age are functionally ________
non ruminants
the _______________ in these young animal is formed by a muscular folds of the reticulum. it shunts milk directly to the omasum and then abomasum, bypassing the reticulorumen.
reticular groove/ esophageal groove
the term “_________” refers to the structure of stomach
momogastric
a stomach that has a simple structure consisting of a single compartment
monogastric digestive system
species that have monogastric digestive system:
swine, horse, dogs, rabbits, fowl
other term of monogastric digestive system
alimentary canal
digestion begins where
mouth
what animal does not have gall bladder
horse
what do you call the esophagus of a chicken
gullet
digestive system of a chicken
beak > gullet > crop > glandular stomach or proventriculus > gizzard or ventriculus > 2 ceca > large intestine > cloaca > vent
