Intro To Anatomy & Physiology: The Body Systems Flashcards
What is the integumentary system?
It includes the skin and many accessory structures in the skin, including the hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve receptors
What three layers make up the skin?
The epidermidis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layers.
What are some of the main functions of the integumentary system?
• waterproofing the body
• protecting the body from pathogens
• sensing touch
• synthesizing vitamin D
• regulating body temperature
• secreting oil for lubrication
What contributes to skin pigmentation?
Melanin in carotene are pigments that contribute to skin color. Additionally, the hemoglobin of the blood, emotions, diet, environmental factors, and other substances can impact skin color.
What is the muscular system what is its purpose?
The muscular system involves over 600 muscles of different shapes and sizes. The muscular system provides form, support, stability, and the ability to move.
What are the four different types of muscles?
Skeletal muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers, and smooth muscle fibers.
Skeletal muscle fibers
Form the skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscle fibers
Form unique muscles of the heart, giving it the ability to beat independently.
Smooth muscle fibers
Form smooth muscles on the body, typically seen in organs and blood vessels.
What are the main functions of the muscular system?
• holding the body erect & posture
• generating heat
• moving food through the digestive system
• aiding the flow of blood
• moving fluids through the body
How many bones are in the skeletal system?
206
What are the names of the two skeletal divisions?
Axial and appendicular
What does the axial skeletal division consist of?
The skull, spinal column, hyoid (throat) bone, ossicles, and rib cage. 80 bones.
What does the appendicular skeleton division consist of?
Refers to the 126 bones of the upper and lower appendages.
What are the five different regions in the spinal column?
The cervical vertebrae, thoracic, vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
Cervical vertebrae
C1-C7. The first 7 vertebrae protect the cervical spinal nerves of the neck
Thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12. The next 12 vertebrae protect the spinal nerves of the thorax.
Lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5. The next 5 vertebrae protect the spinal nerves of the lumbar region.
The sacrum
A slightly curved triangular, bony structure of the lower back formed by 5 vertebrae fused together
The coccyx
The tailbone. 3-5 vertebrae fused together
What are the four types of bones?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
What are joints?
Joints are articulations. This is where two or more bones join together.
Fibrous joints
Inflexible layers of dense, connective tissue that holds bones tightly together
Cartilaginous joints
Allow only slight movement and connect bones with cartilage.
Synovial joints
Where two bones connect to allow a wide range of motion.
Ligaments
Connect one bone to another bone, or join bone and cartilage
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
• form the framework of the body
• support the internal organs and structures
What is the endocrine system?
It produces hormones that work together to maintain homeostasis in the body.
Homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environment
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Part of the nervous system that produces hormones
Pineal glands
Secretes the hormone melatonin that influences a portion of the sleep cycle
Thyroid/parathyroid glands
Regulates metabolism, PTH regulate the calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood
Thymus gland
Secretes hormones that functions as a part of the immune system
Pancreas
Functions in the endocrine and digestive system. In the endocrine system, the pancreas works to control blood glucose levels and glucose metabolism.
Adrenal glands
Controls the electrolyte levels in the body
Ovary
Shelter and protects the eggs. Produces female reproductive hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin.
Placenta
Provides oxygen and nutrients from a mothers blood to the babies body, and removes waste from the babies blood.
Testicle
Produces and stores sperm. Produces testosterone.
The cardiovascular system
Consist of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood
Arteries
Large blood vessels that always carry blood away from the heart.
Veins
Large blood vessels that always carry blood to the heart.
Arterioles
Arteries get smaller and smaller eventually becoming arterioles.
Capsillaries
Tiny vessels; smallest in the body.
Venules
Venules are smaller veins that link to capillaries
The heart
A hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
Plasma
A straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products from metabolic reaction in the body
Formed elements
These cells include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
Erythrocytes
The red blood cells produce in the red bone marrow. They transport oxygen to tissues
Leukocytes
White blood cells and are components of the body’s immune system defending against pathogens and foreign substances.
Thrombocytes
Known as platelets. Important in blood clotting
Pulmonary circulation
Refers to flow of blood between the heart and lungs
Systemic circulation
Refers to the flow of blood to all parts of the body
What is a pulse?
Rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery in the heart contracts
What is blood pressure?
Measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries.
What is systolic pressure?
Occurs when the ventricles of the heart contract. Highest blood pressure of an artery wall.
Diastolic pressure
When the ventricles relax. Lowest pressure of the artery wall.
