intro to anatomy and physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Types of Anatomy
A
Macro, Micro, Developmental, Pathology, Radiology, Molecular Bio, Physiology
2
Q
Macroscopic Anatomy
A
study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
3
Q
3 approaches of macro anatomy
A
regional, systemic, surface
4
Q
regional approach
A
all structures in a region studied at once
5
Q
systemic approach
A
all structures of a body system are studied together
6
Q
surface approach
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study of internal body structures relative to the skin
7
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
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structures to small to see without a microscope
8
Q
2 subdivisions of micro anatomy
A
cytology, histology
9
Q
Cytology
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study of cells
10
Q
Histology
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study of tissues
11
Q
Developmental Anatomy
A
study of changes in body parts throughout life
12
Q
Pathology Anatomy
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study of changes in body structures due to disease
13
Q
Radiology Anatomy
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study of body structures via imaging techniques
14
Q
molecular biology anatomy
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study of molecules that make up body structures
15
Q
Physiology Anatomy
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study of the function of body parts
16
Q
Structural Hierarchy
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Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organisim
17
Q
Chemical
A
basic building blocks for all structures, made of non-living components
18
Q
atom
A
smallest unit of all things
19
Q
molecule
A
chemical composition of atoms
20
Q
organelle
A
mini organ
21
Q
cell
A
smallest unit of life and all living things
22
Q
tissue
A
a group of similar cells working together for a specific function
23
Q
4 types of tissue
A
connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
24
Q
organ
A
two or more tissue types working together for a specific function
25
organisim
combination of all organ systems working together to maintain life
26
8 functional characteristics of life
boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
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boundary maintenance
form barriers to keep internal/external environments separate from each other
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movement
whole organism moving or movement of substances through the organism
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responsiveness
ability to sense and respond to changes in the internal or external environment
30
digestion
ability to break down food into useable nutrients for absorption
31
metabolism
all chemical reactions used to sustain life
32
excretion
removal of waste products from cells or organisms
33
reproduction
ability to reproduce cells for growth, repair, or a whole new organisim
34
Growth
ability to increase the size of a cell, body part, or organisim
35
factors necessary for survival
nutrients, oxygen, water, body temp, atmospheric pressure
36
nutrients
ingest nutrients to be used for energy, growth, repair
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oxygen
inhale from environment
38
water
most abundant substances in cells/organisims
39
body temp
maintain a fairly constant temp for functional chemical reactions
40
atmospheric pressure
pressure the environment exerts on the body, must also be maintained at a fairly constant level for proper function
41
Homeostasis
the ability to maintain fairly constant internal conditions in response to changing external conditions
42
3 parts of control mechanism for homeostasis
receptor, control unit, effector
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receptor
receives stimuli and sends info to control unit
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control unit
receives info from the receptors, analyzes info, decides on plan of action
45
effector
carries out the response as directed by the control unit
46
2 types of control mechanisms of homeostasis
negative and positive feedback
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negative feedback
most common, effctors are directed to carry out an opposite response to the stimuli
48
positive feedback
enhances, continues, or heightens the response to the stimulus
49
anatomical position
standard reference point to locates all structures relative to each other
50
4 parts of anatomical position
body erect, feet forward, palms forward, thumbs away from body
51
superior
toward the head, above
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inferior
toward the feet, below
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anterior/vental
toward the front, in front of
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posterior/dorsal
toward the back, in back of
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medial
toward the midline of the body
56
lateral
away from the midline of the body
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proximal
towards the origin (trunk) of the body
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trunk of the body
head, chest, torso
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distal
away from the origin of the body
60
superficial
towards the surface of the body
61
deep
away from the body surface, more internal
62
cephalic
head
63
frontal
forehead
64
nasal
nose
65
orbital
eye
66
bucal
cheek
67
mental
chin
68
oral
mouth
69
otic
ear
70
cervical
neck
71
axillary
armpit
72
sternal
breastbone
73
mammary
breast
74
thoracic
chest
75
inguinal
groin
76
doral
back
77
vertebral
spinal column
78
scapular
shoulder blade
79
lumbar/loin
lower back
80
gluteal
butt
81
pubic
genital
82
sacral
between hips
83
coccyx
tailbone
84
abdominal
abdomen
85
acromial
shoulder
86
brachial
upper arm
87
antecubital
front of elbow
88
antebrachial
forearm
89
manual
hand
90
carpal
wrist
91
palmar
palm
92
digital
fingers/toes
93
pollex
thumb
94
coxal
lateral hip
95
patellar
front of knee
96
popliteal
back of knee
97
crural
lower leg
98
sural
calf
99
peroneal (fibular)
lateral leg
100
pedal
foot
101
hallux
big toe
102
tarsal
ankle
103
plantar
sole of foot
104
calcaneal
heel
105
a
without lacking
106
ab
away from
107
arthro
joint
108
blast
immature
109
cardi
heart
110
cerebro
brain
111
chondro
cartilage
112
cost
rib
113
cyt
cell
114
derm
skin
115
ec/ex/exo
out/outside
116
epi
over/above
117
gastro
stomach
118
glosso
tongue
119
gluco
sugar
120
hema
blood
121
hepat
liver
122
hetero
different
123
homo
save
124
hydro
water
125
hypo
below
126
inter
between
127
intra
within
128
iso
equal
129
macro/megal
large
130
malacia
soft
131
micro
small
132
myo
muscle
133
neuro
nerve
134
osteo
bone
135
peri
around
136
phago
eat
137
phobic
fear
138
philic
loving
139
pili
hair
140
pino
drink
141
pleuro
side/rib
142
pulmo
lung
143
rect
straight
144
sub
beneath
145
super/supra
above
146
trans
across
147
3 body planes
sagittal, frontal, transverse
148
sagittal
a vertical plane that divides the body into a right and left side
149
midsagittal
in the center for equal right and left sides
150
parasagittal
off center
151
frontal/coronal
a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
152
transverse
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
153
body cavities
closed to the exterior, contains internal organs
154
2 main body cavities
dorsal, ventral
155
two sub cavities of the dorsal cavity
cranial, spinal
156
dorsal cavity
back
157
cranial cavity
contains brain
158
spinal cavity
contains spinal cord
159
ventral cavity
anterior, larger
160
2 subdivisions of ventral cavity
thoracic, abdominopelvic
161
three subdivisions of thoracic cavity
pleural, thoracic, mediastinum
162
thoracic cavity
medial within mediastinum, contains heart
163
pleural
two lateral cavities each containing a lung
164
mediastinum
medial between pleural, contains pericardial and part of esophagus and trachea
165
2 divisions of abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal, pelvic
166
abdominopelvic
below diaphragm
167
abdominal cavity
superior portion
168
organs in the abdominal cavity
digestive organs like liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen
169
pelvic cavity
inferior portion
170
organs in the pelvic cavity
bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
171
other cavities
oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, synovial
172
oral
mouth, continuous with digestive
173
nasal
inside and behind nose
174
orbital
eye sockets that each contain eye
175
middle ear
within the temporal bone, medial to eardrum
176
synovial
joint cavities around articulating bones
177
serous membrane/serosa
thin, double layered continuous membrane that lines the walls of the ventral cavity
178
purpose of serosa
form boundaries, help anchor organs, lubricate organs
179
two types of serous membranes
visceral, parietal
180
visceral layer
covers the organs within the cavity
181
parietal layer
line the walls of the cavity
182
upper left region
right hypochondriac region
183
upper middle region
epigastric region
184
upper right region
left hypochondriac region
185
left middle region
right lumbar region
186
middle region
umbilical region
187
right middle region
left lumbar region
188
left bottom region
right iliac (inguinal) region
189
middle bottom region
hypogastric (pubic) region
190
bottom right region
left iliac (inguinal) region
