intro to anatomy and physiology Flashcards
Types of Anatomy
Macro, Micro, Developmental, Pathology, Radiology, Molecular Bio, Physiology
Macroscopic Anatomy
study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
3 approaches of macro anatomy
regional, systemic, surface
regional approach
all structures in a region studied at once
systemic approach
all structures of a body system are studied together
surface approach
study of internal body structures relative to the skin
Microscopic Anatomy
structures to small to see without a microscope
2 subdivisions of micro anatomy
cytology, histology
Cytology
study of cells
Histology
study of tissues
Developmental Anatomy
study of changes in body parts throughout life
Pathology Anatomy
study of changes in body structures due to disease
Radiology Anatomy
study of body structures via imaging techniques
molecular biology anatomy
study of molecules that make up body structures
Physiology Anatomy
study of the function of body parts
Structural Hierarchy
Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organisim
Chemical
basic building blocks for all structures, made of non-living components
atom
smallest unit of all things
molecule
chemical composition of atoms
organelle
mini organ
cell
smallest unit of life and all living things
tissue
a group of similar cells working together for a specific function
4 types of tissue
connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
organ
two or more tissue types working together for a specific function
organisim
combination of all organ systems working together to maintain life
8 functional characteristics of life
boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
boundary maintenance
form barriers to keep internal/external environments separate from each other
movement
whole organism moving or movement of substances through the organism
responsiveness
ability to sense and respond to changes in the internal or external environment
digestion
ability to break down food into useable nutrients for absorption
metabolism
all chemical reactions used to sustain life
excretion
removal of waste products from cells or organisms
reproduction
ability to reproduce cells for growth, repair, or a whole new organisim
Growth
ability to increase the size of a cell, body part, or organisim
factors necessary for survival
nutrients, oxygen, water, body temp, atmospheric pressure
nutrients
ingest nutrients to be used for energy, growth, repair
oxygen
inhale from environment
water
most abundant substances in cells/organisims
body temp
maintain a fairly constant temp for functional chemical reactions
atmospheric pressure
pressure the environment exerts on the body, must also be maintained at a fairly constant level for proper function
Homeostasis
the ability to maintain fairly constant internal conditions in response to changing external conditions
3 parts of control mechanism for homeostasis
receptor, control unit, effector
receptor
receives stimuli and sends info to control unit
control unit
receives info from the receptors, analyzes info, decides on plan of action
effector
carries out the response as directed by the control unit
2 types of control mechanisms of homeostasis
negative and positive feedback
negative feedback
most common, effctors are directed to carry out an opposite response to the stimuli
positive feedback
enhances, continues, or heightens the response to the stimulus
anatomical position
standard reference point to locates all structures relative to each other
4 parts of anatomical position
body erect, feet forward, palms forward, thumbs away from body
superior
toward the head, above
inferior
toward the feet, below
anterior/vental
toward the front, in front of
posterior/dorsal
toward the back, in back of
medial
toward the midline of the body
lateral
away from the midline of the body
proximal
towards the origin (trunk) of the body
trunk of the body
head, chest, torso
distal
away from the origin of the body
superficial
towards the surface of the body
deep
away from the body surface, more internal
cephalic
head
frontal
forehead
nasal
nose
orbital
eye
bucal
cheek
mental
chin
oral
mouth
otic
ear
cervical
neck
axillary
armpit
sternal
breastbone
mammary
breast
thoracic
chest
inguinal
groin
doral
back
vertebral
spinal column
scapular
shoulder blade
lumbar/loin
lower back
gluteal
butt
pubic
genital
sacral
between hips
coccyx
tailbone
abdominal
abdomen
acromial
shoulder
brachial
upper arm
antecubital
front of elbow
antebrachial
forearm
manual
hand
carpal
wrist
palmar
palm
digital
fingers/toes
pollex
thumb
coxal
lateral hip
patellar
front of knee
popliteal
back of knee
crural
lower leg
sural
calf
peroneal (fibular)
lateral leg
pedal
foot
hallux
big toe
tarsal
ankle
plantar
sole of foot
calcaneal
heel
a
without lacking
ab
away from
arthro
joint
blast
immature
cardi
heart
cerebro
brain
chondro
cartilage
cost
rib
cyt
cell
derm
skin
ec/ex/exo
out/outside
epi
over/above
gastro
stomach
glosso
tongue
gluco
sugar
hema
blood
hepat
liver
hetero
different
homo
save
hydro
water
hypo
below
inter
between
intra
within
iso
equal
macro/megal
large
malacia
soft
micro
small
myo
muscle
neuro
nerve
osteo
bone
peri
around
phago
eat
phobic
fear
philic
loving
pili
hair
pino
drink
pleuro
side/rib
pulmo
lung
rect
straight
sub
beneath
super/supra
above
trans
across
3 body planes
sagittal, frontal, transverse
sagittal
a vertical plane that divides the body into a right and left side
midsagittal
in the center for equal right and left sides
parasagittal
off center
frontal/coronal
a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
transverse
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
body cavities
closed to the exterior, contains internal organs
2 main body cavities
dorsal, ventral
two sub cavities of the dorsal cavity
cranial, spinal
dorsal cavity
back
cranial cavity
contains brain
spinal cavity
contains spinal cord
ventral cavity
anterior, larger
2 subdivisions of ventral cavity
thoracic, abdominopelvic
three subdivisions of thoracic cavity
pleural, thoracic, mediastinum
thoracic cavity
medial within mediastinum, contains heart
pleural
two lateral cavities each containing a lung
mediastinum
medial between pleural, contains pericardial and part of esophagus and trachea
2 divisions of abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal, pelvic
abdominopelvic
below diaphragm
abdominal cavity
superior portion
organs in the abdominal cavity
digestive organs like liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen
pelvic cavity
inferior portion
organs in the pelvic cavity
bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
other cavities
oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, synovial
oral
mouth, continuous with digestive
nasal
inside and behind nose
orbital
eye sockets that each contain eye
middle ear
within the temporal bone, medial to eardrum
synovial
joint cavities around articulating bones
serous membrane/serosa
thin, double layered continuous membrane that lines the walls of the ventral cavity
purpose of serosa
form boundaries, help anchor organs, lubricate organs
two types of serous membranes
visceral, parietal
visceral layer
covers the organs within the cavity
parietal layer
line the walls of the cavity
upper left region
right hypochondriac region
upper middle region
epigastric region
upper right region
left hypochondriac region
left middle region
right lumbar region
middle region
umbilical region
right middle region
left lumbar region
left bottom region
right iliac (inguinal) region
middle bottom region
hypogastric (pubic) region
bottom right region
left iliac (inguinal) region
