chemistry Flashcards
matter
anything that takes up space and has mass/weight
three states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
energy
has capacity to do work/put matter in motion
2 forms of energy
potential and kinetic
potential energy
energy that is stored or inactive
kinetic energy
active energy in action
4 types of energy
chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant
chemical energy
energy in bonds
electrical energy
movement of charged particles to create current
mechanical energy
energy directly used to move matter around
radiant energy
energy that travels in wavelengths of varying sizes
law of conservation of energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transformed from type to type
elements
unique chemical substances that can’t be broken down into simpler substances while retaining original properties
4 major elements
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
atoms
smallest unit of an element with the properties of that element
periodic table
contains a complete listing of elements, masses, numbers, symbols, etc
atomic symbols
1 or 2 letter symbols for elements
what are atoms composed of
protons, neutrons, and electrons
protons
found in the nucleus, determines atomic number, +1 charge
neutron
found in nucleus, neutral charge, # can change within atoms of the same element
electron
found in shells/orbitals around the nucleus, -1 charge, no mass
of electrons in the first shell
2
of electrons in the 2nd and 3rd shells
8
atomic number
number of protons in nucleus, constant for all atoms of the same elements
atomic mass
of protons + # of neutrons
isotopes
variant forms of an element where the # of neutrons is altered from its common form, alters the mass
radioisotopes
isotopes that are unstable and spontaneously decay which gives off radiation
mixtures
2 or more components physically intermixed
3 types of mixtures
solution, colloid, suspension
solution
homogeneous mixture with same composition, transparent
2 main of components of solution
solutes and solvent
solvent
dissolving medium, usually liquid
solute
particle dissolved in the solvent, usually solids
colloid
heterogenous mixture with varying composition (think jello with fruit)
suspension
heterogeneous mixture with large visible solutes that do settle
molecule
any 2 or more atoms chemically bonded in a fixed ratio
compounds
2 or more different atoms chemically bonded in a fixed ratio
chemical bonds
leads to an energy relationship between electrons of atoms that form heterogeneous molecules/compounds by altering the properties of the atoms when bonds are broken, formed, or rearranged
3 types of chemical bonds
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
ionic bond
transfer 1 or more electrons between atoms to create oppositely charged ions that are attracted together
ion
any charged particle
anion
negative ion
what causes anions
taking/gaining electrons
cations
positive ion
what causes cations
giving/losing electrons
what bonds ionically
salts, acids, bases
covalent bonds
2 or more atoms share electrons to fill outer shells
two types of covalent
polar and non polar covalent
polar covalent
2 or more atoms share electrons unequally which leads to slight charges at the poles of the molecule which are attracted to opposite charges on other polar molecules
polar structures
stick together because of opposite ends attracting
nonpolar covalent
2 or more atoms share electrons equally so no charges occur at the poles of the molecule
nonpolar structures
are individual and are not attracted to one another
hydrogen bonds
don’t bond atoms together to form molecules or compounds but bridge molecules together that have already been formed with polar covalent bonds at their oppositely charged poles
hydrogen bonds can be
weak or strong
chemical equation
occur whenever chemical bonds are broken, formed, or rearranged
two parts of chemical reactions
products and reactants
products
the substances formed
reactants
substances being combined
the number of atoms in a chemical equation
must be equal on both the reactants and products side
4 patterns of chemical reactions
synthesis, decomposition, exchange, redox
synthesis/anabolic
building reactions by combining smaller building blocks to make larger molecules
decomposition/catabolic
breaking reactions by splitting larger molecules into smaller ones
exchange/displacement
combo of synthesis and decomposition with bonds breaking and forming as the reactants change partners
redox
combo of all, reactant losing electron is oxidized and reactant gaining electron is reduced
exergonic
release energy and heat from reaction, catabolic reactions
endergonic
require energy to complete reaction, anabolic reactions
reversible reactions
theoretically all reactions are reversible if conditions allow but most never reverse
4 factors that impact rate of reaction
temp, size, concentration, catalyst
biochemistry
study of chemical composition and reactions critical for living organisims
inorganic compounds
don’t contain carbon
examples of inorganic compounds
water, salts, acids, bases
properties of water
high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polarity/solvency, reactivity, cushioning
salts
ionic molecules that dissociate in water to form ions
acids and bases
ionic molecules that dissociate in water to form ions
acids
any pH less than 7, releasing H+, the more H+ the more acidic=lower pH
bases
any pH higher than 7, releasing OH-, the more OH- the more basic=lower pH
pH
potentail hydrogen
neutral pH
7
buffers
substances that resist pH changes by either making the solution more acidic or basic
5 types of organic molecules
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP
3 types of carbs
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
monosaccharide
simple sugars
disaccharide
2 simple sugars bonded
polysaccharide
many simple sugars bonded together
4 types of lipids
neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
neutral fats
used as concentrated energy source, storage, insulation, cushioning
phospholipids
unique lipids with polar and nonpolar ends
phospholipid behavior in water
they float, polar side in the water, nonpolar side out of the water
steroids
all derived from cholesterol
eicosanoids
biologically active lipids found and made by cell membranes used for inflammation and blood clotting
proteins
structural and functional components of cells
amino acids
basic building blocks of proteins
3 parts of amino acids
basic amine, organic acid, r group
basic amine group
NH2
organic acid group
COOH
R group
different in each amino acid
how is a protein formed
amino acids must be linked to the next with a peptide bond
fewer than 10 amino acids linked
peptide
10 or more amino acids linked
polypeptide
50 or more amino acids linked
protein
polymerize
combine amino acids
no 3d structure
no function
4 levels of protein structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quatenary
primary structure
linear strand, not functional
secondary structure
strand fold and twists upon itself to form a fibrous protein, functional
tertiary structure
strand folds further into a ball to form a globular protein, functional
quaternary structure
2 or more polypeptide chains in tertiary structures intertwined together, functional
denature
when a protein loses its structure and regresses back to primary structure and loses its function
fibrous proteins
structural proteins
globular proteins
functional proteins
enzyme
globular proteins used as biological catalysts
characteristics of enzymes
highly specific, produced inactively until needed, lock and key, named for specific reaction and end with -ase, don’t become part of the reaction or alter the product of the reaction
nucleic acid
dna and rna
building blocks of nucleic acid
nucleotides
3 components of nucleotides
nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
nitrogenous base
adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil
pairing of bases for DNA
adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine
pairing of bases for RNA
cytosine and guanine, adenine and uracil
pentose sugar
5 carbon sugar
phosphate group
sugar and phosphate form the backbone and the base is on the interior of molecule
dna
gives instructions to make proteins
rna
converts info between DNA and protein
ATP
adenine triphosphate
structure of ATP
made of ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphates, very unstable
function of ATP
cellular energy source to run almost all cellular activities
what happens when ATP phosphate group breaks
ATP becomes ADP + P + energy, cannot be stored, made as ysed
catalysts of chemical reactions
enzymes
bond type where electrons are shared unequally
polar covalent
substance with pH below 7
acid
formed from any 2 or more atoms, chemically combined
mixture
molecules that contain carbon
organic
positively charged particle
proton or cation
main form of monosaccharide
glucose
most abundant substance in body
water
double stranded nucleic acid used as genetic code
dna
building blocks of proteins
amino acid
basic unit of an element
atom
main energy source of cellular reactions
ATP
