chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
matter
A
anything that takes up space and has mass/weight
2
Q
three states of matter
A
solid, liquid, gas
3
Q
energy
A
has capacity to do work/put matter in motion
4
Q
2 forms of energy
A
potential and kinetic
5
Q
potential energy
A
energy that is stored or inactive
6
Q
kinetic energy
A
active energy in action
7
Q
4 types of energy
A
chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant
8
Q
chemical energy
A
energy in bonds
9
Q
electrical energy
A
movement of charged particles to create current
10
Q
mechanical energy
A
energy directly used to move matter around
11
Q
radiant energy
A
energy that travels in wavelengths of varying sizes
12
Q
law of conservation of energy
A
energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transformed from type to type
13
Q
elements
A
unique chemical substances that can’t be broken down into simpler substances while retaining original properties
14
Q
4 major elements
A
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
15
Q
atoms
A
smallest unit of an element with the properties of that element
16
Q
periodic table
A
contains a complete listing of elements, masses, numbers, symbols, etc
17
Q
atomic symbols
A
1 or 2 letter symbols for elements
18
Q
what are atoms composed of
A
protons, neutrons, and electrons
19
Q
protons
A
found in the nucleus, determines atomic number, +1 charge
20
Q
neutron
A
found in nucleus, neutral charge, # can change within atoms of the same element
21
Q
electron
A
found in shells/orbitals around the nucleus, -1 charge, no mass
22
Q
of electrons in the first shell
A
2
23
Q
of electrons in the 2nd and 3rd shells
A
8
24
Q
atomic number
A
number of protons in nucleus, constant for all atoms of the same elements
25
atomic mass
# of protons + # of neutrons
26
isotopes
variant forms of an element where the # of neutrons is altered from its common form, alters the mass
27
radioisotopes
isotopes that are unstable and spontaneously decay which gives off radiation
28
mixtures
2 or more components physically intermixed
29
3 types of mixtures
solution, colloid, suspension
30
solution
homogeneous mixture with same composition, transparent
31
2 main of components of solution
solutes and solvent
32
solvent
dissolving medium, usually liquid
33
solute
particle dissolved in the solvent, usually solids
34
colloid
heterogenous mixture with varying composition (think jello with fruit)
35
suspension
heterogeneous mixture with large visible solutes that do settle
36
molecule
any 2 or more atoms chemically bonded in a fixed ratio
37
compounds
2 or more different atoms chemically bonded in a fixed ratio
38
chemical bonds
leads to an energy relationship between electrons of atoms that form heterogeneous molecules/compounds by altering the properties of the atoms when bonds are broken, formed, or rearranged
39
3 types of chemical bonds
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
40
ionic bond
transfer 1 or more electrons between atoms to create oppositely charged ions that are attracted together
41
ion
any charged particle
42
anion
negative ion
43
what causes anions
taking/gaining electrons
44
cations
positive ion
45
what causes cations
giving/losing electrons
46
what bonds ionically
salts, acids, bases
47
covalent bonds
2 or more atoms share electrons to fill outer shells
48
two types of covalent
polar and non polar covalent
49
polar covalent
2 or more atoms share electrons unequally which leads to slight charges at the poles of the molecule which are attracted to opposite charges on other polar molecules
50
polar structures
stick together because of opposite ends attracting
51
nonpolar covalent
2 or more atoms share electrons equally so no charges occur at the poles of the molecule
52
nonpolar structures
are individual and are not attracted to one another
53
hydrogen bonds
don't bond atoms together to form molecules or compounds but bridge molecules together that have already been formed with polar covalent bonds at their oppositely charged poles
54
hydrogen bonds can be
weak or strong
55
chemical equation
occur whenever chemical bonds are broken, formed, or rearranged
56
two parts of chemical reactions
products and reactants
57
products
the substances formed
58
reactants
substances being combined
59
the number of atoms in a chemical equation
must be equal on both the reactants and products side
60
4 patterns of chemical reactions
synthesis, decomposition, exchange, redox
61
synthesis/anabolic
building reactions by combining smaller building blocks to make larger molecules
62
decomposition/catabolic
breaking reactions by splitting larger molecules into smaller ones
63
exchange/displacement
combo of synthesis and decomposition with bonds breaking and forming as the reactants change partners
64
redox
combo of all, reactant losing electron is oxidized and reactant gaining electron is reduced
65
exergonic
release energy and heat from reaction, catabolic reactions
66
endergonic
require energy to complete reaction, anabolic reactions
67
reversible reactions
theoretically all reactions are reversible if conditions allow but most never reverse
68
4 factors that impact rate of reaction
temp, size, concentration, catalyst
69
biochemistry
study of chemical composition and reactions critical for living organisims
70
inorganic compounds
don't contain carbon
71
examples of inorganic compounds
water, salts, acids, bases
72
properties of water
high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polarity/solvency, reactivity, cushioning
73
salts
ionic molecules that dissociate in water to form ions
74
acids and bases
ionic molecules that dissociate in water to form ions
75
acids
any pH less than 7, releasing H+, the more H+ the more acidic=lower pH
76
bases
any pH higher than 7, releasing OH-, the more OH- the more basic=lower pH
77
pH
potentail hydrogen
78
neutral pH
7
79
buffers
substances that resist pH changes by either making the solution more acidic or basic
80
5 types of organic molecules
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP
81
3 types of carbs
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
82
monosaccharide
simple sugars
83
disaccharide
2 simple sugars bonded
84
polysaccharide
many simple sugars bonded together
85
4 types of lipids
neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
86
neutral fats
used as concentrated energy source, storage, insulation, cushioning
87
phospholipids
unique lipids with polar and nonpolar ends
88
phospholipid behavior in water
they float, polar side in the water, nonpolar side out of the water
89
steroids
all derived from cholesterol
90
eicosanoids
biologically active lipids found and made by cell membranes used for inflammation and blood clotting
91
proteins
structural and functional components of cells
92
amino acids
basic building blocks of proteins
93
3 parts of amino acids
basic amine, organic acid, r group
94
basic amine group
NH2
95
organic acid group
COOH
96
R group
different in each amino acid
97
how is a protein formed
amino acids must be linked to the next with a peptide bond
98
fewer than 10 amino acids linked
peptide
99
10 or more amino acids linked
polypeptide
100
50 or more amino acids linked
protein
101
polymerize
combine amino acids
102
no 3d structure
no function
103
4 levels of protein structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quatenary
104
primary structure
linear strand, not functional
105
secondary structure
strand fold and twists upon itself to form a fibrous protein, functional
106
tertiary structure
strand folds further into a ball to form a globular protein, functional
107
quaternary structure
2 or more polypeptide chains in tertiary structures intertwined together, functional
108
denature
when a protein loses its structure and regresses back to primary structure and loses its function
109
fibrous proteins
structural proteins
110
globular proteins
functional proteins
111
enzyme
globular proteins used as biological catalysts
112
characteristics of enzymes
highly specific, produced inactively until needed, lock and key, named for specific reaction and end with -ase, don't become part of the reaction or alter the product of the reaction
113
nucleic acid
dna and rna
114
building blocks of nucleic acid
nucleotides
115
3 components of nucleotides
nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
116
nitrogenous base
adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil
117
pairing of bases for DNA
adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine
118
pairing of bases for RNA
cytosine and guanine, adenine and uracil
119
pentose sugar
5 carbon sugar
120
phosphate group
sugar and phosphate form the backbone and the base is on the interior of molecule
121
dna
gives instructions to make proteins
122
rna
converts info between DNA and protein
123
ATP
adenine triphosphate
124
structure of ATP
made of ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphates, very unstable
125
function of ATP
cellular energy source to run almost all cellular activities
126
what happens when ATP phosphate group breaks
ATP becomes ADP + P + energy, cannot be stored, made as ysed
127
catalysts of chemical reactions
enzymes
128
bond type where electrons are shared unequally
polar covalent
129
substance with pH below 7
acid
130
formed from any 2 or more atoms, chemically combined
mixture
131
molecules that contain carbon
organic
132
positively charged particle
proton or cation
133
main form of monosaccharide
glucose
134
most abundant substance in body
water
135
double stranded nucleic acid used as genetic code
dna
136
building blocks of proteins
amino acid
137
basic unit of an element
atom
138
main energy source of cellular reactions
ATP
