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Anatomy and Physiology > chemistry > Flashcards

chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass/weight

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2
Q

three states of matter

A

solid, liquid, gas

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3
Q

energy

A

has capacity to do work/put matter in motion

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4
Q

2 forms of energy

A

potential and kinetic

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5
Q

potential energy

A

energy that is stored or inactive

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6
Q

kinetic energy

A

active energy in action

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7
Q

4 types of energy

A

chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

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8
Q

chemical energy

A

energy in bonds

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9
Q

electrical energy

A

movement of charged particles to create current

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10
Q

mechanical energy

A

energy directly used to move matter around

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11
Q

radiant energy

A

energy that travels in wavelengths of varying sizes

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12
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transformed from type to type

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13
Q

elements

A

unique chemical substances that can’t be broken down into simpler substances while retaining original properties

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14
Q

4 major elements

A

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

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15
Q

atoms

A

smallest unit of an element with the properties of that element

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16
Q

periodic table

A

contains a complete listing of elements, masses, numbers, symbols, etc

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17
Q

atomic symbols

A

1 or 2 letter symbols for elements

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18
Q

what are atoms composed of

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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19
Q

protons

A

found in the nucleus, determines atomic number, +1 charge

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20
Q

neutron

A

found in nucleus, neutral charge, # can change within atoms of the same element

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21
Q

electron

A

found in shells/orbitals around the nucleus, -1 charge, no mass

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22
Q

of electrons in the first shell

A

2

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23
Q

of electrons in the 2nd and 3rd shells

A

8

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24
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus, constant for all atoms of the same elements

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25
Q

atomic mass

A

of protons + # of neutrons

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26
Q

isotopes

A

variant forms of an element where the # of neutrons is altered from its common form, alters the mass

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27
Q

radioisotopes

A

isotopes that are unstable and spontaneously decay which gives off radiation

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28
Q

mixtures

A

2 or more components physically intermixed

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29
Q

3 types of mixtures

A

solution, colloid, suspension

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30
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixture with same composition, transparent

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31
Q

2 main of components of solution

A

solutes and solvent

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32
Q

solvent

A

dissolving medium, usually liquid

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33
Q

solute

A

particle dissolved in the solvent, usually solids

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34
Q

colloid

A

heterogenous mixture with varying composition (think jello with fruit)

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35
Q

suspension

A

heterogeneous mixture with large visible solutes that do settle

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36
Q

molecule

A

any 2 or more atoms chemically bonded in a fixed ratio

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37
Q

compounds

A

2 or more different atoms chemically bonded in a fixed ratio

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38
Q

chemical bonds

A

leads to an energy relationship between electrons of atoms that form heterogeneous molecules/compounds by altering the properties of the atoms when bonds are broken, formed, or rearranged

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39
Q

3 types of chemical bonds

A

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

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40
Q

ionic bond

A

transfer 1 or more electrons between atoms to create oppositely charged ions that are attracted together

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41
Q

ion

A

any charged particle

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42
Q

anion

A

negative ion

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43
Q

what causes anions

A

taking/gaining electrons

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44
Q

cations

A

positive ion

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45
Q

what causes cations

A

giving/losing electrons

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46
Q

what bonds ionically

A

salts, acids, bases

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47
Q

covalent bonds

A

2 or more atoms share electrons to fill outer shells

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48
Q

two types of covalent

A

polar and non polar covalent

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49
Q

polar covalent

A

2 or more atoms share electrons unequally which leads to slight charges at the poles of the molecule which are attracted to opposite charges on other polar molecules

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50
Q

polar structures

A

stick together because of opposite ends attracting

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51
Q

nonpolar covalent

A

2 or more atoms share electrons equally so no charges occur at the poles of the molecule

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52
Q

nonpolar structures

A

are individual and are not attracted to one another

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53
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

don’t bond atoms together to form molecules or compounds but bridge molecules together that have already been formed with polar covalent bonds at their oppositely charged poles

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54
Q

hydrogen bonds can be

A

weak or strong

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55
Q

chemical equation

A

occur whenever chemical bonds are broken, formed, or rearranged

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56
Q

two parts of chemical reactions

A

products and reactants

57
Q

products

A

the substances formed

58
Q

reactants

A

substances being combined

59
Q

the number of atoms in a chemical equation

A

must be equal on both the reactants and products side

60
Q

4 patterns of chemical reactions

A

synthesis, decomposition, exchange, redox

61
Q

synthesis/anabolic

A

building reactions by combining smaller building blocks to make larger molecules

62
Q

decomposition/catabolic

A

breaking reactions by splitting larger molecules into smaller ones

63
Q

exchange/displacement

A

combo of synthesis and decomposition with bonds breaking and forming as the reactants change partners

64
Q

redox

A

combo of all, reactant losing electron is oxidized and reactant gaining electron is reduced

65
Q

exergonic

A

release energy and heat from reaction, catabolic reactions

66
Q

endergonic

A

require energy to complete reaction, anabolic reactions

67
Q

reversible reactions

A

theoretically all reactions are reversible if conditions allow but most never reverse

68
Q

4 factors that impact rate of reaction

A

temp, size, concentration, catalyst

69
Q

biochemistry

A

study of chemical composition and reactions critical for living organisims

70
Q

inorganic compounds

A

don’t contain carbon

71
Q

examples of inorganic compounds

A

water, salts, acids, bases

72
Q

properties of water

A

high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polarity/solvency, reactivity, cushioning

73
Q

salts

A

ionic molecules that dissociate in water to form ions

74
Q

acids and bases

A

ionic molecules that dissociate in water to form ions

75
Q

acids

A

any pH less than 7, releasing H+, the more H+ the more acidic=lower pH

76
Q

bases

A

any pH higher than 7, releasing OH-, the more OH- the more basic=lower pH

77
Q

pH

A

potentail hydrogen

78
Q

neutral pH

A

7

79
Q

buffers

A

substances that resist pH changes by either making the solution more acidic or basic

80
Q

5 types of organic molecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP

81
Q

3 types of carbs

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

82
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple sugars

83
Q

disaccharide

A

2 simple sugars bonded

84
Q

polysaccharide

A

many simple sugars bonded together

85
Q

4 types of lipids

A

neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

86
Q

neutral fats

A

used as concentrated energy source, storage, insulation, cushioning

87
Q

phospholipids

A

unique lipids with polar and nonpolar ends

88
Q

phospholipid behavior in water

A

they float, polar side in the water, nonpolar side out of the water

89
Q

steroids

A

all derived from cholesterol

90
Q

eicosanoids

A

biologically active lipids found and made by cell membranes used for inflammation and blood clotting

91
Q

proteins

A

structural and functional components of cells

92
Q

amino acids

A

basic building blocks of proteins

93
Q

3 parts of amino acids

A

basic amine, organic acid, r group

94
Q

basic amine group

A

NH2

95
Q

organic acid group

A

COOH

96
Q

R group

A

different in each amino acid

97
Q

how is a protein formed

A

amino acids must be linked to the next with a peptide bond

98
Q

fewer than 10 amino acids linked

A

peptide

99
Q

10 or more amino acids linked

A

polypeptide

100
Q

50 or more amino acids linked

A

protein

101
Q

polymerize

A

combine amino acids

102
Q

no 3d structure

A

no function

103
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quatenary

104
Q

primary structure

A

linear strand, not functional

105
Q

secondary structure

A

strand fold and twists upon itself to form a fibrous protein, functional

106
Q

tertiary structure

A

strand folds further into a ball to form a globular protein, functional

107
Q

quaternary structure

A

2 or more polypeptide chains in tertiary structures intertwined together, functional

108
Q

denature

A

when a protein loses its structure and regresses back to primary structure and loses its function

109
Q

fibrous proteins

A

structural proteins

110
Q

globular proteins

A

functional proteins

111
Q

enzyme

A

globular proteins used as biological catalysts

112
Q

characteristics of enzymes

A

highly specific, produced inactively until needed, lock and key, named for specific reaction and end with -ase, don’t become part of the reaction or alter the product of the reaction

113
Q

nucleic acid

A

dna and rna

114
Q

building blocks of nucleic acid

A

nucleotides

115
Q

3 components of nucleotides

A

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

116
Q

nitrogenous base

A

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil

117
Q

pairing of bases for DNA

A

adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

118
Q

pairing of bases for RNA

A

cytosine and guanine, adenine and uracil

119
Q

pentose sugar

A

5 carbon sugar

120
Q

phosphate group

A

sugar and phosphate form the backbone and the base is on the interior of molecule

121
Q

dna

A

gives instructions to make proteins

122
Q

rna

A

converts info between DNA and protein

123
Q

ATP

A

adenine triphosphate

124
Q

structure of ATP

A

made of ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphates, very unstable

125
Q

function of ATP

A

cellular energy source to run almost all cellular activities

126
Q

what happens when ATP phosphate group breaks

A

ATP becomes ADP + P + energy, cannot be stored, made as ysed

127
Q

catalysts of chemical reactions

A

enzymes

128
Q

bond type where electrons are shared unequally

A

polar covalent

129
Q

substance with pH below 7

A

acid

130
Q

formed from any 2 or more atoms, chemically combined

A

mixture

131
Q

molecules that contain carbon

A

organic

132
Q

positively charged particle

A

proton or cation

133
Q

main form of monosaccharide

A

glucose

134
Q

most abundant substance in body

A

water

135
Q

double stranded nucleic acid used as genetic code

A

dna

136
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acid

137
Q

basic unit of an element

A

atom

138
Q

main energy source of cellular reactions

A

ATP

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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