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A&P Unit 1 > Intro to Anatomy > Flashcards

Intro to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

the study of structure and the relationships between structures

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2
Q

What does gross anatomy study?

A

big structures you can actually see

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3
Q

What are some examples of gross anatomy?

A

the skeleton, studying the heart

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4
Q

What does regional anatomy study?

A

studies specific regions of the body

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5
Q

What are some examples of regional anatomy?

A

neck anatomy, foot anatomy, etc.

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6
Q

What does systemic anatomy study?

A

studies the different systems in our body and what is involved in the systems

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7
Q

What are some examples of systemic anatomy?

A

nervous system anatomy, skeletal system anatomy, etc.

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8
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

studying what is underneath the skin based on the impressions on the surface

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9
Q

What are examples of surface anatomy?

A

sternum, clavicle, etc.

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10
Q

What is an important use for surface anatomy?

A

forensics

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11
Q

Microscopic anatomy is comprised of what three subdivisions?

A

cytology, histology, and developmental

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12
Q

What is cytology?

A

the study of cells

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13
Q

What is an examples of cytology?

A

taking a pap smear - the doctor checks the cells inside the cervix

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14
Q

What is histology?

A

the study of tissues

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15
Q

Where is histology used?

A

medical diagnosis, autopsy, forensics, etc.

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16
Q

What is developmental anatomy?

A

the study of how humans change over time

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17
Q

What is a subdivision of developmental anatomy?

A

embryology

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18
Q

What is embryology?

A

studying the human body and developments of structure in the embryotic state

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19
Q

What is pathological anatomy?

A

studies how disease affects body structures

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20
Q

What is an example of pathological anatomy?

A

looking at a lung before and after lung cancer

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21
Q

What is radiographic anatomy?

A

studying the body without even cutting it open

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22
Q

What are some examples of radiographic anatomy?

A

x-rays, CT scans, Xenon CT, DSR, etc.

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23
Q

What kind of energy does an x-ray use?

A

light energy

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24
Q

How does an x-ray work?

A

light that passes through the body appears black, and light that is stopped appears white

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25
Q

What types of structures appear on an x-ray?

A

solid/hard structures, like bones

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26
Q

What does “CT” stand for in CT scan?

A

computerized tomography

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27
Q

What type of energy is used in CT scans?

A

light energy

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28
Q

How is a CT scan different from an x-ray?

A

the light is still passing through like an x-ray, but you are able to look at any level through a computer

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29
Q

What does a Xenon CT scan help to show?

A

circulation of blood flow in the body; great to tell if there is a lack of blood flow somewhere

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30
Q

How does a Xenon CT scan work?

A

a patient breathes in Xenon gas and the scan picks up light energy emanated by the particles which are now inside the circulatory system

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31
Q

What type of energy does Xenon CT use?

A

light energy

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32
Q

What does “DSR” stand for in DSR scan?

A

dynamic spatial reconstruction

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33
Q

What type of energy does a DSR scan use?

A

light energy

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34
Q

T/F: A DSR scan makes a 2D image of the body

A

False, it makes a 3D image of the body

35
Q

What does DSA stand for?

A

digital subtraction angiography

36
Q

What type of energy does a DSA scan use?

A

light energy

37
Q

How does a DSA scan work?

A

produces a contrast between dye that is inserted into the body and what the body looks like without the dye; before and after images are “subtracted” so you can only see the dye

38
Q

What does a DSA scan help to show?

A

blood vessel activity

39
Q

What does “PET” in PET scan stand for?

A

position emission tomography

40
Q

What type of energy does a PET scan use?

A

light energy

41
Q

How does a PET scan work?

A

radioactive particles are injected into the body and we are able to see the light produced by them in areas with high metabolic activity

42
Q

What type of energy is used in an ultrasound?

A

sound energy

43
Q

How does an ultrasound work?

A

sound is emitted into the body and what bounced back is shown as an image in the machine

44
Q

What is an ultrasound best at showing?

A

soft tissue

45
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

magnetic resonance imaging

46
Q

What does an MRI show?

A

shows soft tissue - especially the differences between soft tissues

47
Q

What type of energy is used by an MRI?

A

magnetic field energy

48
Q

T/F: an MRI machine produces images of bones

A

False, an MRI can only show soft tissue clearly, however, bones can be added by an MRI program’s computer after a scan

49
Q

What does MRS stand for?

A

magnetic resonance spectroscopy

50
Q

What type of energy is used by an M2A?

A

light energy

51
Q

How does an M2A work?

A

a tiny tiny single-use digital camera is ingested and sends images back to an SD card which can be viewed later

52
Q

How does an MRS work?

A

examines the ions within the soft tissue to evaluate the difference in composition within the tissue

53
Q

What type of energy is used in an MRS?

A

magnetic field energy

54
Q

Define physiology

A

the study of the function of body parts; includes both chemical and physical processes

55
Q

List the levels of organization in order

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismic

56
Q

List the 9 life processes present in all forms of life

A

reproduction, growth, conductivity, limiting boundary, excretion, metabolism, movement, excitability, digestion (rg-clemmed)

57
Q

What is a limiting boundary?

A

living things have the ability to differentiate themselves from their environment (ex: skin with humans)

58
Q

What is excitability?

A

living things can anticipate and react to changes in their environment (changes = stimuli)

59
Q

What is an examples of excitability?

A

the pupils in your eyes dilating when the lights turn off

60
Q

What is conductivity? (in relation to life processes?)

A

how we communicate the effects of a stimuli from one part of the body to another

61
Q

What is metabolism?

A

a chemical reaction taking place within an organism

62
Q

What are two subcategories of metabolism?

A

anabolism and catabolism

63
Q

What is anabolism?

A

taking small things and making them big

64
Q

What is catabolism?

A

taking big things and making them small

65
Q

What is digestion?

A

the breakdown of food into absorbable molecules that we can use

66
Q

What is excretion?

A

the elimination of waste

67
Q

What is movement?

A

moving body structures or the movement of internal activities

68
Q

What is growth? (in relation to life processes?)

A

an increase in size that occurs in one of two ways: 1.) cells grow in size, 2.) number of cells increases

69
Q

What is reproduction (in relation to life processes?)

A

production of new individuals or cell repair and replacement

70
Q

Be able to give an example of each of the life processes

A

rg-clemmed

71
Q

What are our bodies’ 5 survival needs?

A

nutrition, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure (nowna - like Strega Nona)

72
Q

Why is nutrition important?

A

provides the body with necessary nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.) that enable processes to happen

73
Q

How much of the human body is comprised of water?

A

60 - 80%

74
Q

Why is normal body temperature important?

A

we must stay around the same temperature for certain processes to function; for example, enzymes can degenerate if temperature increases too much

75
Q

Why is atmospheric pressure important for survival?

A

allows us to breathe

76
Q

Define homeostasis

A

when survival needs are at their optimum; a stable internal body environment

77
Q

Define stress

A

any stimuli that causes an imbalance in the internal environment; the stimuli can be internal or external

78
Q

What helps to regulate stress?

A

the nervous system and the endocrine system

79
Q

How does the nervous system help to regulate stress?

A

sends electrical messages that help to regulate stress

80
Q

How does the endocrine system help to regulate stress?

A

sends chemical messages that help to regulate stress

81
Q

Define feedback systems

A

constant information about something is sent to a central hub which can then offer a reaction/response to help return back to homeostasis

82
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

reverses direction of original feedback

83
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

intensifies original feedback

84
Q

Give an example of both negative and positive feedback

A

negative (regulation of body temperature via sweating, etc.), positive (childbirth, sexual arousal, etc.)

A&P Unit 1 (5 decks)

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