Intro to Anatomy Flashcards
Define anatomy
the study of structure and the relationships between structures
What does gross anatomy study?
big structures you can actually see
What are some examples of gross anatomy?
the skeleton, studying the heart
What does regional anatomy study?
studies specific regions of the body
What are some examples of regional anatomy?
neck anatomy, foot anatomy, etc.
What does systemic anatomy study?
studies the different systems in our body and what is involved in the systems
What are some examples of systemic anatomy?
nervous system anatomy, skeletal system anatomy, etc.
What is surface anatomy?
studying what is underneath the skin based on the impressions on the surface
What are examples of surface anatomy?
sternum, clavicle, etc.
What is an important use for surface anatomy?
forensics
Microscopic anatomy is comprised of what three subdivisions?
cytology, histology, and developmental
What is cytology?
the study of cells
What is an examples of cytology?
taking a pap smear - the doctor checks the cells inside the cervix
What is histology?
the study of tissues
Where is histology used?
medical diagnosis, autopsy, forensics, etc.
What is developmental anatomy?
the study of how humans change over time
What is a subdivision of developmental anatomy?
embryology
What is embryology?
studying the human body and developments of structure in the embryotic state
What is pathological anatomy?
studies how disease affects body structures
What is an example of pathological anatomy?
looking at a lung before and after lung cancer
What is radiographic anatomy?
studying the body without even cutting it open
What are some examples of radiographic anatomy?
x-rays, CT scans, Xenon CT, DSR, etc.
What kind of energy does an x-ray use?
light energy
How does an x-ray work?
light that passes through the body appears black, and light that is stopped appears white
What types of structures appear on an x-ray?
solid/hard structures, like bones
What does “CT” stand for in CT scan?
computerized tomography
What type of energy is used in CT scans?
light energy
How is a CT scan different from an x-ray?
the light is still passing through like an x-ray, but you are able to look at any level through a computer
What does a Xenon CT scan help to show?
circulation of blood flow in the body; great to tell if there is a lack of blood flow somewhere
How does a Xenon CT scan work?
a patient breathes in Xenon gas and the scan picks up light energy emanated by the particles which are now inside the circulatory system
What type of energy does Xenon CT use?
light energy
What does “DSR” stand for in DSR scan?
dynamic spatial reconstruction
What type of energy does a DSR scan use?
light energy
T/F: A DSR scan makes a 2D image of the body
False, it makes a 3D image of the body
What does DSA stand for?
digital subtraction angiography
What type of energy does a DSA scan use?
light energy
How does a DSA scan work?
produces a contrast between dye that is inserted into the body and what the body looks like without the dye; before and after images are “subtracted” so you can only see the dye
What does a DSA scan help to show?
blood vessel activity
What does “PET” in PET scan stand for?
position emission tomography
What type of energy does a PET scan use?
light energy
How does a PET scan work?
radioactive particles are injected into the body and we are able to see the light produced by them in areas with high metabolic activity
What type of energy is used in an ultrasound?
sound energy
How does an ultrasound work?
sound is emitted into the body and what bounced back is shown as an image in the machine
What is an ultrasound best at showing?
soft tissue
What does MRI stand for?
magnetic resonance imaging
What does an MRI show?
shows soft tissue - especially the differences between soft tissues
What type of energy is used by an MRI?
magnetic field energy
T/F: an MRI machine produces images of bones
False, an MRI can only show soft tissue clearly, however, bones can be added by an MRI program’s computer after a scan
What does MRS stand for?
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
What type of energy is used by an M2A?
light energy
How does an M2A work?
a tiny tiny single-use digital camera is ingested and sends images back to an SD card which can be viewed later
How does an MRS work?
examines the ions within the soft tissue to evaluate the difference in composition within the tissue
What type of energy is used in an MRS?
magnetic field energy
Define physiology
the study of the function of body parts; includes both chemical and physical processes
List the levels of organization in order
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismic
List the 9 life processes present in all forms of life
reproduction, growth, conductivity, limiting boundary, excretion, metabolism, movement, excitability, digestion (rg-clemmed)
What is a limiting boundary?
living things have the ability to differentiate themselves from their environment (ex: skin with humans)
What is excitability?
living things can anticipate and react to changes in their environment (changes = stimuli)
What is an examples of excitability?
the pupils in your eyes dilating when the lights turn off
What is conductivity? (in relation to life processes?)
how we communicate the effects of a stimuli from one part of the body to another
What is metabolism?
a chemical reaction taking place within an organism
What are two subcategories of metabolism?
anabolism and catabolism
What is anabolism?
taking small things and making them big
What is catabolism?
taking big things and making them small
What is digestion?
the breakdown of food into absorbable molecules that we can use
What is excretion?
the elimination of waste
What is movement?
moving body structures or the movement of internal activities
What is growth? (in relation to life processes?)
an increase in size that occurs in one of two ways: 1.) cells grow in size, 2.) number of cells increases
What is reproduction (in relation to life processes?)
production of new individuals or cell repair and replacement
Be able to give an example of each of the life processes
rg-clemmed
What are our bodies’ 5 survival needs?
nutrition, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure (nowna - like Strega Nona)
Why is nutrition important?
provides the body with necessary nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.) that enable processes to happen
How much of the human body is comprised of water?
60 - 80%
Why is normal body temperature important?
we must stay around the same temperature for certain processes to function; for example, enzymes can degenerate if temperature increases too much
Why is atmospheric pressure important for survival?
allows us to breathe
Define homeostasis
when survival needs are at their optimum; a stable internal body environment
Define stress
any stimuli that causes an imbalance in the internal environment; the stimuli can be internal or external
What helps to regulate stress?
the nervous system and the endocrine system
How does the nervous system help to regulate stress?
sends electrical messages that help to regulate stress
How does the endocrine system help to regulate stress?
sends chemical messages that help to regulate stress
Define feedback systems
constant information about something is sent to a central hub which can then offer a reaction/response to help return back to homeostasis
What is negative feedback?
reverses direction of original feedback
What is positive feedback?
intensifies original feedback
Give an example of both negative and positive feedback
negative (regulation of body temperature via sweating, etc.), positive (childbirth, sexual arousal, etc.)
