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A&P Unit 1 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Define cell

A

the basic living, structural, and functional units of all organisms

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2
Q

What are the main components of cell theory?

A

1.) if it’s not made of cells, it’s not living; 2.) the activity of cells is a result of both individual and aggregated cells; 3.) function of a cell is determined by its composition

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3
Q

What is the Principle of Complementarity?

A

1.) cells are responsible for the continuity of life; 2.) cells come from other cells

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4
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a cell?

A

plasma membrane, organelles, cytoplasm

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5
Q

What two distinct parts make up the phospholipid bilayer?

A

phosphate heads and fatty acid (lipid) tails

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6
Q

Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is polar? Which is nonpolar?

A

The heads are polar and the tails are nonpolar (the tails are lipids, which cannot dissolve in water)

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7
Q

Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic? Hydrophilic?

A

the fatty acids are hydrophobic (nonpolar); the phosphate heads are hydrophilic (polar)

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8
Q

What is it called when something contains parts that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

A

amphipathic

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9
Q

Besides the phospholipid bilayer, what 4 other parts can be found on the plasma membrane?

A

integral proteins, peripheral proteins, glycoproteins, and cholesterol

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10
Q

What 6 activities are carried out by membrane proteins?

A

transport, receptors for signal transduction, enzymatic activity, cell-cell recognition, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, and cell-to-cell joining

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11
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

proteins that are firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer (most are transmembrane proteins that protrude on both sides of the bilayer

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12
Q

What activities are integral proteins responsible for?

A

transport, carriers, enzymes, signal transduction

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13
Q

What is a peripheral protein?

A

a protein that is only found on one side of the phospholipid bilayer - usually toward the inside

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14
Q

What activities are peripheral proteins responsible for?

A

help with membrane structural support, some are enzymes, some are mechanical proteins that help during cell division, muscle cell contraction, etc.

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15
Q

What are glycoproteins made of?

A

carbohydrates

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16
Q

Why is it important for a plasma membrane to have cholesterol on it?

A

the cholesterol acts as a glue that holds together all the moving parts

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17
Q

What is a phrase that describes the image of a plasma membrane?

A

fluid mosaic

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18
Q

Why is “fluid mosaic” a good term to describe the plasma membrane?

A

mosaic = different parts; fluid = movement

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19
Q

What are 4 important functions of a plasma membrane?

A

limiting boundary, first point of contact for the cell, provides receptor sites, and controls flow of what goes in and out of cell (LCRF - lacroff)

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20
Q

What are the four factors that determine whether or not something will be permitted to cross the plasma membrane?

A

molecular size, solubility, ionic charge, and carrier molecules (mmsc - not musc)

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21
Q

Why is size important in determining whether or not something can cross the plasma membrane?

A

small things can cross better than bigger things

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22
Q

Why is solubility important in determining whether or not something can cross the plasma membrane?

A

anything that is nonpolar can cross the membrane easily (ex: lipids are fats so they can be dissolved and travel easily through any of the proteins located throughout the membrane)

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23
Q

Why is ionic charge important in determining whether or not something can cross the plasma membrane?

A

ionic substances are polar so they must move through proteins to get across (charges must be opposite in order to cross)

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24
Q

How are active and passive transport different?

A

active transport requires energy in order to work and moves against the concentration gradient; passive transport does not require energy to work and moves with the concentration gradient

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25
Q

Name the four types of passive transport

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration (doff)

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26
Q

Explain diffusion

A

Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

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27
Q

What three factors can affect the rate of diffusion?

A

concentration, molecular size, temperature

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28
Q

Why does concentration affect the rate of diffusion?

A

if there are more molecules present, there is a higher chance of collisions happening and the rate of diffusion will be faster

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29
Q

Why is temperature important in determining the rate of diffusion?

A

higher temperatures mean molecules will be moving at higher speeds

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30
Q

Why is size important in determining rate of diffusion?

A

smaller molecules can move quicker than larger molecules

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31
Q

Explain simple diffusion

A

substances can diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer if they are 1.) small enough, and 2.) lipid soluble (ex: gases, steroid hormones, fatty acids)

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32
Q

What is facilitated diffusion? What are the 2 types?

A

molecules are transported across the phospholipid bilayer with a little help; two types: carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

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33
Q

What types of molecules utilize facilitated diffusion?

A

glucose and other sugars, some amino acids, ions

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34
Q

Explain carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

a lipid-insoluble molecule must past through a transmembrane protein in order to enter the cell; the protein carriers are specific to certain chemicals (ex: sugars, amino acids) and can reach capacity if all are being used; when the solute enters into the protein, the protein changes its shape to be able to pass the solute to the other side

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35
Q

Explain channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

transmembrane proteins act as channels in which substances can cross freely; the type of substance that can travel through these proteins is determined by channel size and the kinds of amino acids lining the channels; some channels are “gated” while others are always open

36
Q

What types of substances would enter a cell through facilitated diffusion?

A

water, ions, glucose - if energy were required for these to pass, our bodies would be using wayyy too much ATP!

37
Q

Explain osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; water always moves from low concentrations to high concentration

38
Q

Which direction does water move across a gradient?

A

water flows from low concentration to high concentration

39
Q

Define osmolarity

A

the number of charged particles that determine the flow of water (low –> high)

40
Q

Explain filtration

A

the movement across a selectively permeable membrane due to pressure (think of a coffee filter using gravity)

41
Q

What is tonicity?

A

the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cell’s internal water volume

42
Q

What are the 3 types of tonicity a cell can experience?

A

isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

43
Q

Describe an isotonic cell

A

solutions have the same concentrations; cells retain their shape

44
Q

Describe a hypertonic solution

A

the solution has a higher concentration outside the cell than inside the cell (hyper outside); cells immersed in hypertonic solutions will lose water (low –> high) and crenate (shrive)

45
Q

Describe hypotonic

A

more dilute solution than the cell (the concentration inside the cell is greater than outside of it); water will flow into the cell (low –> high), and the cell will lyse (burst)

46
Q

T/F: Water always moves from hypertonic to hypotonic

A

False; water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic because it always moves from low to high!

47
Q

What is the energy source for passive transport?

A

kinetic energy

48
Q

What are three reasons why active processes might need to be used?

A

substance is 1.) too large, 2.) incapable of dissolving in lipid bilayer, 3.) moving against concentration gradient

49
Q

Explain how a Sodium Potassium pump works

A

a protein contains 3 binding sites for sodium; when the sodium is attached, a phosphate also binds to the pump; when the phosphate binds, this causes the pump to change shape and the sodium can be released to the other side; now open for business on the other side, 2 potassium can bind to the protein; the binding of the potassium triggers the attached phosphate to leave and the protein can revert back to its original shape; to remove the potassium from the protein, ATP is needed and the pump can go back to the beginning of the cycle

50
Q

Explain secondary active transport

A

uhhhh

51
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

a form of active transport where the particle in question is moved across the membrane in a large bubble-like sac, called a vesicle

52
Q

What are the two main types of vesicular transport?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

53
Q

Explain exocytosis

A

something that needs to be moved out of a cell is encased in a sac; this sac migrates to the plasma membrane, fuses with it, then ruptures, dispelling the substance in question

54
Q

What are examples of substances that are expelled using exocytosis?

A

hormones, neurotransmitters, mucus, waste

55
Q

What are the 3 main types of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated cytosis

56
Q

Define endocytosis

A

moving things into a cell that either weren’t allowed entry via passive transport, or could not get in via primary or secondary active transport (pumps/K+ and Na+ reactions)

57
Q

Explain phagocytosis

A

similar to the idea of Pac-Man - the cell engulfs its target and draws it into the cell; relatively rare in our bodies (only macrophages and white blood cells can do it)

58
Q

What are situations when phagocytosis is used?

A

disposal of dying cells, ingesting bacteria and foreign substances

59
Q

Explain pinocytosis

A

the cell “gulps in” the particle in question; relatively common in our bodies; “cell drinking”

60
Q

Explain receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

the substance in question binds to specific receptor proteins located on the cell and “pull” the substance inside a vesicle to enter the cell

61
Q

What are some cases where receptor-mediated endocytosis is used?

A

enzymes, insulin and other hormones, low-density lipoproteins, and iron; but also flu virus, diphtheria, and cholera toxins

62
Q

What is clathrin?

A

protein coating on cytoplasmic face of vesicle

63
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

a voltage across the membrane caused by K+ leaking out of the cell through transmembrane proteins until there is such a negative pull from inside the cell that the K+ starts to get pulled back in; in a normal cell between -50 and 90mV (typically about -70mV because of Na+)

64
Q

What are the two types of cellular extensions?

A

cilia and flagella

65
Q

What does a flagella help to do? Where is it found?

A

acts as a tail and propels the cell where it needs to go; only found in sperm cells

66
Q

What do cilia help to do and where can they be found?

A

whiplike, motile extensions that move substances in once direction across a cell’s surface; can be found in the respiratory tract, other places (ex: propel mucus and dust away from the lungs)

67
Q

What are microvilli? Where are they found?

A

extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area; often in absorptive cells (intestines, kidneys, etc.)

68
Q

Describe the mitochondria

A

“powerhouse of the cell”; can reproduce by itself (contains its own DNA); areas which require lots of energy have high density of mitochondria; enzymes live inside to help with ATP activities

69
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

free ribosomes: float around in the cytosol; membrane-bound ribosomes: attached to membranes in the rough ER

70
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

“factory floor”; synthesis sites; make proteins; can switch from being free to attached depending on what they are making

71
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

houses the ribosomes that make proteins; houses the “membrane factory” where integral proteins and phospholipids are make

72
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

contains many enzymes which help to break down stored glycogen (releasing glucose), detoxify drugs, pesticides, and chemicals, store calcium ions, and produce/synthesize steroid-based hormones and cholesterol and phospholipids

73
Q

What is the difference between the smooth ER and the rough ER?

A

rough ER has ribosomes and produces many proteins and membrane-building materials; smooth ER produces steroid hormones, helps with detoxification, and breaks glycogen down into glucose

74
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

“UPS store”; packs and ships all the lipids and proteins produced by the rough ER

75
Q

What is a peroxisome?

A

smaller version of a lysosome; help to detoxify dangerous substances and go after free radicals (like police officers p-p)

76
Q

Where are peroxisomes often found?

A

liver and kidneys

77
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

“taking out the trash” - dispose of invading bacteria and cell debris often through phagocytosis; work best in acidic environments

78
Q

What is cytosol?

A

the liquid part of the cytoskeleton

79
Q

What is a microtubule?

A

make up part of the cytoskeleton, determine overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles; mitochondria, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles hang from them

80
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

help to strengthen plasma membrane and give cell mobility to be able to change shape due to the fluidity of its movements

81
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

most stable of the cytoskeleton elements, act as cables that resist forces pulling on the cell

82
Q

What are cell junctions and what are the 3 types?

A

the unique relationships cells have with their neighbors; tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

83
Q

What is a tight junction? Where can it be found?

A

the integral proteins in the plasma membrane fuse together with the integral proteins of other cells to create an impenetrable membrane; prevent molecules from passing through; found in the digestive tract to keep acid from seeping into the blood stream

84
Q

What are desmosomes? Where can they be found?

A

also called “anchoring junctions”; act like Velcro where cells are connected into sheets in order to best take strong forces of friction; found in areas where friction could be common (heart muscle, skin)

85
Q

What are gap junctions? Where can they be found?

A

channel proteins of two cells fuse together and create a “gap” where things in both cells can easily pass to each other; found in electrically-excitable tissues (heart and smooth muscle)

A&P Unit 1 (5 decks)

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