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A&P Unit 1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemistry

A

chemical composition and reactions of living matter

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2
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

lack carbon, dissociate in water

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3
Q

Organic compounds

A

contain carbon, do not dissociate in water

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4
Q

Inorganic compounds examples

A

water, salts, acids, bases

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5
Q

Organic compounds examples

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

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6
Q

Water makes up _ - _% of our bodies

A

60 - 80%

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7
Q

Water is the most __________ of all inorganic compounds in our body

A

abundant

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8
Q

Name the 5 special properties of water

A

high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, universal solvent, hydrolysis/condensation, and cushion

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9
Q

High heat capacity

A

help the body to maintain correct internal temperatures by resisting changes in temperature

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10
Q

High heat of vaporization

A

cools the body down when we sweat because energy is released when liquid water turns to vapor

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11
Q

Universal solvent

A

allows substances to be dissolved for reactions to take place

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12
Q

Hydrolysis/condensation

A

hydrolysis breaks a bond, condensation forms a bond

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13
Q

Cushion

A

protects parts like brain and skull

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14
Q

Solute vs. Solvent

A

solute dissolves, solvent does the dissolving

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15
Q

Salts

A

anything that dissociates to produce cations and anions

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16
Q

What type of energy is given off by dissolved salts?

A

electrical energy (electrolytes)

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17
Q

Why are salts important?

A

used in structure (bones and teeth), and muscle contractions

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18
Q

______ acts as a storage reservoir for salts/minerals

A

bones

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19
Q

The _______ maintain proper electrolyte balance

A

kidneys

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20
Q

Acids

A

substances that increase hydrogen ion concentration when they dissociate

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21
Q

Acids accept/donate protons

A

donate

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22
Q

T/F: When an acid dissociates, H+ increases

A

True

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23
Q

Bases

A

substances that decrease hydrogen concentration when they dissociate

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24
Q

Bases accept/donate protons

A

accept

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25
Q

T/F: When a base dissociates, H+ increases

A

False

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26
Q

pH

A

the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration

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27
Q

pH is a description of the level of _____ or ______ of a solution

A

acidity, alkalinity

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28
Q

pH is measured on a scale of _ - _

A

1 - 14

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29
Q

The pH of an acid measures _______ 7

A

below

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30
Q

The pH of a base measures ______ 7

A

above

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31
Q

Something with a neutral pH measure ______ 7

A

at/equal to

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32
Q

T/F: Different parts of our body have different pH levels

A

True

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33
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

2

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34
Q

What is the pH of the blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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35
Q

Carbohydrates make up _ - _% of a cell

A

1 -2%

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36
Q

Carbohydrates include ______ and _______

A

sugars, starches

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37
Q

The main function of carbohydrates is to be an available source of _______

A

energy

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38
Q

_______ is the energy currency of the body

A

ATP

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39
Q

When we break down carbohydrates, what is used to make ATP?

A

sugars

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40
Q

What are the 3 classes of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides,

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41
Q

Monosaccharides are called ______ sugars and consist of only __ subunit

A

simple, one

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42
Q

T/F: monosaccharides can be absorbed across the wall of the digestive tract

A

True

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43
Q

Monosaccharides contain between _ and _ carbons

A

3 - 7

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44
Q

What is the ration of carbon to hydrogen for monosaccharides?

A

1 : 2 : 1

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45
Q

Monosaccharides get their names based on the # of ______ atoms

A

carbon (5 = pentose, 6 = hexose)

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46
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, sucrose

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47
Q

Disaccharides are composed of 2 ____________

A

monosaccharides

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48
Q

Through which chemical process are monosaccharides chemically joined to create a disaccharide?

A

dehydration synthesis

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49
Q

T/F: disaccharides can be absorbed across the wall of the digestive tract

A

False

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50
Q

To be digested, disaccharides must be broken apart into monosaccharides through what chemical process?

A

hydrolysis

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51
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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52
Q

Polysaccharides are long chain carbohydrates called _______

A

polymer

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53
Q

T/F: Polysaccharides can be absorbed across the wall of the digestive tract

A

False

54
Q

Polysaccharides are not water soluble, therefore, they are ___________

A

nonpolar

55
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

A

glycogen, starch

56
Q

Lipids exist as ___ and ___

A

fats, oils

57
Q

Fats are ______ at room temperature

A

solids

58
Q

Oils are ______ at room temperature

A

liquids

59
Q

T/F: lipids are soluble in water

A

False

60
Q

Lipids can dissolve in fats or other _______ solvents

A

organic

61
Q

What are the 4 types of lipids

A

triglycerides (neutral fats), phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

62
Q

Name the 3 functions of triglycerides

A

storage, insulation, cushion

63
Q

Triglycerides are composed of 3 ____ ______ and 1 _______

A

fatty acids, glycerol

64
Q

T/F: Triglycerides are polar

A

False

65
Q

List the 6 classes of triglycerides

A

saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans fat, Omega 3 fatty acids, Omega 6 fatty acids

66
Q

Saturated fats come from 2 sources:

A

produced by our bodies, consuming animal meat

67
Q

T/F: Saturated fats don’t have double bonds between carbons

A

True

68
Q

T/F: Saturated fats are solids at room temperature

A

True

69
Q

Saturated fats cause ________ cholesterol, and a(n) _________ risk of cardiovascular events

A

increased, increased

70
Q

T/F: Unsaturated fats don’t have double bonds between carbons

A

False, they have 1

71
Q

T/F: Unsaturated fats are solid at room temperature

A

False

72
Q

Where do unsaturated fats come from?

A

plants

73
Q

Unsaturated fats cause ________ cholesterol, and a(n) _________ risk of cardiovascular events

A

unchanged, unchanged

74
Q

T/F: Polyunsaturated fats don’t have double bonds between the carbons

A

False, they have 2 or more

75
Q

T/F: Polyunsaturated fats are solids at room temperature

A

False

76
Q

Where do polyunsaturated fats come from?

A

plants

77
Q

Polyunsaturated fats cause _________ cholesterol, and a(n) _________ risk of cardiovascular events

A

decreased, decreased

78
Q

How is trans fat made?

A

by adding hydrogen ions to oil at double bond sites

79
Q

Why was trans fat invented?

A

increased flavor

80
Q

T/F: Trans fat is a solid at room temperature

A

True

81
Q

Trans fat causes ________ cholesterol, and a(n) ________ risk of cardiovascular events

A

increased, increased

82
Q

Omega 3 fatty acids cause ________ cholesterol, and a(n) ________ risk of cardiovascular events

A

decreased, decreased

83
Q

Where do Omega 3 fatty acids come from?

A

fish

84
Q

Where is the difference between Omega 3 fatty acids and Omega 6 fatty acids?

A

the location of the double bond site is 3 particles in for Omega 3 fatty acids and 6 particles in for Omega 6 fatty acids

85
Q

Omega 3 fatty acids are beneficial as ___ - ________ agents

A

anti-inflammatory

86
Q

Omega 6 fatty acids cause ________ cholesterol, and a(n) ________ risk of cardiovascular events

A

decreased, decreased

87
Q

Where do Omega 6 fatty acids come from?

A

fish

88
Q

T/F: Omega 6 fatty acids are beneficial for the skin

A

True

89
Q

If too much Omega 6 fatty acid is taken in, it can be __ - ________

A

pro-inflammatory

90
Q

A phospholipid is comprised of __ phosphate group attached to __ glycerol and __ fatty acids

A

1, 1, 3

91
Q

The head of a phospholipid is _______ and the tail is _______

A

hydrophilic (polar), hydrophobic (nonpolar)

92
Q

T/F: Phospholipids are lipids

A

True

93
Q

T/F: Steroids are lipids

A

True

94
Q

Steroids have ________ derivatives

A

cholesterol

95
Q

Steroids have how many interlocking rings?

A

4

96
Q

T/F: Steroids are soluble in water

A

False, soluble in fats

97
Q

T/F: Steroids can cross the plasma membrane

A

True

98
Q

What is the function of steroids?

A

Long distance chemical signaling in the body

99
Q

What are the main corresponding steroids in males and females?

A

testosterone for males, estrogen/progesterone for females

100
Q

Eicosanoids

A

biologically active lipid that is a local signaling molecule

101
Q

T/F: Prostaglandins are a subclass of steroids

A

False, subclass of eicosanoids

102
Q

Proteins are comprised of long chains of ______ ______

A

amino acids

103
Q

How many essential amino acids exist?

A

9

104
Q

Where do amino acids come from?

A

animals

105
Q

Amino acids are made into proteins through _______ bonds

A

peptide

106
Q

How many protein structures exist?

A

4: primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure

107
Q

What type of shape is primary structure?

A

linear

108
Q

What kind of shape does secondary structure have?

A

Beta pleated sheet (folded), or Alpha helix (coiled)

109
Q

When does secondary structure occur?

A

when primary structure starts to coil and zig zag due to interactions with neighboring amino acids

110
Q

What is the shape of tertiary structure?

A

3D (coils are coiled further)

111
Q

T/F: Tertiary structure can be considered a simple protein

A

True

112
Q

T/F: Tertiary structure has active sites which only certain substrates can bind to

A

True

113
Q

T/F: Quaternary structure can be considered a simple protein

A

False, it is a complex protein

114
Q

Quaternary structure is made of __ or more peptide chains bound together

A

2

115
Q

Name the 6 types of proteins

A

Structural/fibrous, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, and catalytic

116
Q

What do structural/fibrous proteins do?

A

form structure of the bodt

117
Q

What do regulatory proteins do?

A

act as chemical messengers that regulate activity of the body (can have fat or plant-based hormones)

118
Q

What do contractile proteins do?

A

shorten themselves within muscles when stimulation occurs

119
Q

What do immunological proteins do?

A

function in the immune system

120
Q

What do transport proteins do?

A

carry molecules (hemoglobin)

121
Q

What do catalytic proteins do?

A

act as enzymes

122
Q

Enzymes have _____ _____ which are binded to certain substrates

A

active sites

123
Q

Enzymes reduce what?

A

activation energy

124
Q

What is denaturation?

A

When active sites are lost/distorted due to high temperature or non-optimal pH; the enzyme loses its function

125
Q

T/F: Nucleic acids are the smallest molecules in our body

A

False, largest

126
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

nitrogenous base bound to a pentose sugar by peptide bonds

127
Q

List the purines. List the pyrimidines.

A

purines: adenine & guanine
pyrimidines: thymine, uracil, & cytasil

128
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA: double helix, genetic information, deoxiribose sugar backbone, A-T; G-C

RNA: single helix, synthesizes proteins, ribose sugar backbone, A-U; G-C

129
Q

ATP stands for what?

A

adenosine triphosphate

130
Q

ATP is comprised of what?

A

includes an adenine nucleotide which is bound to 3 extra phosphate groups

A&P Unit 1 (5 decks)

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