INTRO PHY FINDINGS Flashcards
Diffuse disease process is..
Infiltrating
Well-defined borders with septations.
Loculated mass
Dirty shadowing..
air or gas
Criteria for identifying abnormalities..
- Borders
- Echotexture
- Echogenicity
- Attenuation
- Cystic, complex, solid
- dimesnsions
-organ of origin
Key sonographic findings
- scan plane
- normal tissue echogenicity
- Abnormal tissue texture and/or masses
- measurements and their locations
- abnormal fluid collections
Subjective data are derived from the patient
Symptoms
Objective data are obtained through observation and are verifiable
Signs
result of diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures undertaken on a patient
Iatrogenic
causes an organ or tissue to deteriorate over time
Degenerative
body’s response to injury by sending cells and blood to the area, can be acute (sudden onset of pain, swelling, redness, heat) or chronic (fibrous change, ongoing pain)
Inflammatory
damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force
Traumatic
new abnormal growth of tissue, benign or malignant
Neoplastic
invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that cause pathological conditions or diseases
Infectious
blockage and subsequent inflammation of tubes, vessels, etc
Obstructive
diseases existing at birth or often before birth regardless of cause
Congenital
alterations of proteins that disrupt cellular functions, can be genetic or caused by another disease
Metabolic
disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms
Immunologic
Associated with several clinically recognizable features or signs
Syndrome
“Time of onset and duration
Acute- rapid, short
Chronic- slowly, longer”
Acute versus Chronic
Origin- cause
Etiology
Unknown cause
Idiopathic
Inadvertent adverse effects or complications caused by medical treatment or advice
Iatrogenic
Infectious, contagious
Communicable
Mechanism by which the disease is caused- origin and development
Pathogenesis
Time between infection and symptoms
Incubation
No longer an active pathology
Remission
Cancer’s first location
Primary
A diseased state, disability or poor health due to a cause.
Morbidity
Likelihood of resulting in death (# of deaths from a disease)
Mortality
Hypertrophy
cells enlarged
Hyperplasia
of cells increase
Malignant disease
not self-limited in its growth
capable of invading into adjacent tissues
may be capable of spreading to distant tissues= “metatasizing”
cause pain if pressing on organs/tissues
can cause disruption in flow of blood, enzymes, etc. if presses on vessels or ducts
Benign
grows only in one place
cannot spread or invade other parts of the body
can cause pain if pressing on organs/tissues
can cause disruption in flow of blood, enzymes, etc. if presses on vessels or ducts
Malignant cells
invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels and metastasizes to different sites
vital connection of blood to cells, tissues, and organs; maintains constant environment for cell activity
The circulatory system
Functions of the blood
Transportation, defense against infection, maintenance of body fluid (pH)
Blood volume is approximately_______ of total body weight; _____= ______ of blood
9%
100lbs = 9 lbs of blood
Quarts of blood in normal sized man
5 quarts
Blood composition
Plasma (55%)
hemoglobin (2/3)
plasma proteins, including serum albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin (1/3)
Plasma consists of ______ water
92%
Large domain of single-celled microorganisms
Cell wall is essential to the survival of the bacteria
Antibiotic, penicillin, is able to kill bacteria
Bacteria
Small infectious agent that can replicate only inside living cells of organisms
Ex: common cold, flu, shingles, herpes, chicken pox Cannot be treated with antibiotics because it is not a bacterium
Virus
infectious agent composed of protein
Affect structure of brain/neural tissue
All are currently untreatable and universally fatal.
Ex: Mad Cow
Prions
Commonly live on our skin
Sometimes a fungus will change, become an infection
Fungi
May be human parasite and cause disease
Ex: malaria, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis, dysentery, sleeping sickness (encephalitis)
Protozoa
Inflammation
Response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli (i.e. pathogens, damaged cells, irritants).
Protective attempt by body to remove injurious stimuli and initiate the healing process.
When infection is caused by a microorganism, inflammation is one of the responses of the body to the pathogen.
Inflammation is NOT a..
symptom for infection
Inflammatory Process
- Injury
- Cells release chemical mediators
- Vasodilation- Increased blood flow
- Increased capillary permeability
- Leukocytes- move to site of injury
- Phagocytes- removal of debris in preparation for healing
General signs and symptoms of infection
- Fever and chills
- Loss of appetite
- Fatigue
- Muscle aches
- Rash or swelling of a local area (ex: injury, animal bite, scrap where skin is broken)
- Pus-like drainage from a local site
- Difficulty breathing
- Severe headache
Body response
Body fights back with inflammatory response
Acute Inflammation
Sudden onset
Short period of time
Resolves
Active inflammatory response
Enlargement
Hypoechoic
Increase in blood flow/Doppler
Chronic inflammation
Lasts longer
Recurring (may resolve and then recur)
Inflammatory response has ceased
Normal to small in size
Echogenic
Normal or slightly decreased blood flow/Doppler
The Liver and Biliary System
Play a role in digestive and circulatory systems
Metabolism, detox, storage, digestion
transports nutrient rich blood from intestines to the liver for metabolic and storage purposes
Portal venous system
supplies nutrient rich blood to the liver through the porta hepatis
Hepatic artery
drains bile from the liver and GB through the porta hepatis
Biliary system
Main cells of liver
Hepatocytes
vessels in the liver that filter blood from the PV and HA and empty into the central vein
Sinusoids
special hepatic cells that remove bile pigment, old blood cells, and products of phagocytosis from the blood; ingest bacteria and other foreign matter
Kupffer cells (macrophage that lines the walls of the sinusoids)
from hemoglobin of disintegrating RBC’s
Bilirubin
Bilirubin spillover into tissues
Jaundice
Bilirubin Conjugated (direct)
Water soluble
Bilirubin Unconjugated (Indirect)
Not water soluble
Prehepatic Jaundice
no disease of liver or biliary tract
Hepatic Jaundice
intrinsic hepatic parenchymal injury or disease
Posthepatic Jaundice
partial or complete blockage of biliary tract by calculi, tumor, fibrosis, or extrinsic pressure
Hepatic cells convert _______ into ______ for storage
Sugars into glycogen
and can breakdown glycogen back into glucose
3 functions occurring after food is consumed
- Bile enters the small bowel due to relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
- The GB contracts
- More bile is secreted by the liver
What hormone initiates functions after food is consumed
CCK
Cholecystokinin
If no food is in upper digestive tract GB
Bile is diverted into GB
GB _______ and _______ the bile
Stores and concentrates
Gallstones result when
Cholesterol and bile salt deposits
Insulin and glucagons are secreted from
Islets of Langerhans
Series of reaction called
Krebs cycle : Burning of glucose yields CO2 and energy
Principle energy cycle of of the body
The pancreas (endocrine function)
Insulin is responsible for causing
an ↑ rate of glucose metabolism; regulates blood glucose levels
Diabetes mellitus is caused by
↓ of insulin level
Most active and versatile digestive organ
The pancreas
Pancreatic enzymes are capable of almost..
complete digestion
Amylase
Carbohydrate meatbolism
Lipase
Fat metabolism
Trypsin
Protein and peptides
Pancreatic juice has a high concentration of
sodium bicarbonate to neutralize gastric acid (majority of panc juice)
25% of cardiac output is to the
Kidneys; ensures blood pressure to reach cortex
At least ___________ nephrons
(functional unit)
1 million
Filtration happens in the
Glomerulus
Reabsorption happens in
Tubules
Secretions happen
Tubules to pyramids
Nephron consists of
glomerulus contained by Bowman’s capsule, tubules, efferent/afferent arterioles
True positive
positive for disease/pathology
True negative
negative for disease/pathology
False positive
sonographic findings are positive but patient does NOT have disease/pathology
False negative
sonographic findings negative but patient DOES have disease/pathology
Sensitivity
how well the sonographic examination documents whatever disease or pathology is present
Specificity
how well the sonographic examination documents normal findings or excludes patients w/out disease or pathology
Accuracy
ability of the sonographic examination to find disease or pathology if present and to not find it if not present
BOODEEALA
Borders
Origin
Orientation
Dimensions
Echogenicity
Echotexture
Appearance
Location
Attenuation
