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ABDOMEN 1 > Abdominal Vascular > Flashcards

Abdominal Vascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

A

Transport gases, nutrient materials, and other essential substances to the tissues

Additionally, it transports waste products from the cells to the appropriate sites for excretion.

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2
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Small arteries

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3
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry de-O2 blood toward heart

Valves prevent backflow, and they respond to respiration.

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4
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
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5
Q

What type of blood do arteries carry?

A

O2 blood away from heart

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6
Q

How do smaller arteries differ from larger arteries?

A

Contain less elastic tissue and more smooth muscles

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7
Q

What is the principal artery of the body?

A

Aorta

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8
Q

What are the five sections of the aorta?

A
  • Root
  • Ascending
  • Descending
  • Abdominal
  • Bifurcation
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9
Q

From where does the root of the aorta arise?

A

Left ventricular outflow tract

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10
Q

What branches from the ascending aorta?

A
  • Right innominate (brachiocephalic)
  • Left common carotid
  • Left subclavian
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11
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply?

A
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
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12
Q

What is the distribution of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA)?

A

Proximal half of colon, small intestine

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13
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) supply?

A

Anterior to aorta proximal to bifurcation

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14
Q

Which artery supplies the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic artery

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15
Q

What are common clinical reasons for sonographic evaluation of the abdominal aorta?

A
  • Pulsatile abdominal mass
  • Abdominal pain radiating to the back
  • Abdominal bruit
  • Hemodynamic compromise in the lower legs
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16
Q

What is the most common cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?

A

Arteriosclerosis (atherosclerosis is a type)

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17
Q

What are the two main types of aneurysms?

A
  • Fusiform
  • Saccular
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18
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of a ruptured AAA?

A
  • Excruciating abdominal pain
  • Shock
  • Expanding abdominal mass
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19
Q

What is the mortality rate for a ruptured AAA?

A

50% mortality rate

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20
Q

What are the risk factors for AAA?

A
  • Tobacco
  • Hypertension
  • Vascular disease
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Family history for abdominal aortic aneurysm
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21
Q

What defines a AAA on ultrasound?

A

3 cm = AAA

Measure largest anterior-posterior diameter.

22
Q

What is a pulsatile hematoma?

A

False aneurysm resulting from leakage of blood into soft tissues from a punctured artery

23
Q

What is a dissection of the aorta?

A

Separation of intima from aortic wall due to blood making its way between layers

24
Q

What age group is most commonly affected by aortic dissection?

A

40-60 years old

25
True or False: A saccular aneurysm has a mouth that connects to the aorta.
True
26
What is the direction of blood flow in aortic dissection?
Extends proximally toward heart as well as distally.
27
Where is aortic dissection frequently located?
Frequently in thoracic aorta.
28
What can happen if blood re-ruptures into the lumen of the aorta?
It may produce another intimal tear usually in iliac.
29
What is extravasation in the context of aortic dissection?
Escape of fluid into surrounding tissues may encircle AO.
30
What are the types of aortic dissection?
Types I and II (Marfan’s) involve ascending and descending AO; high mortality. Type III (B) at origin of left subclavian artery extending into descending AO; better prognosis.
31
What are potential causes of aortic dissection?
Cystic medial necrosis, Marfan’s syndrome, hypertension.
32
What are characteristics of Marfan’s syndrome?
Tall, lanky, double-jointed; leads to dilation of AO.
33
What can complications arise from an aortic graft?
Complications include hematoma, infection, degeneration of graft material, false aneurysm formation at site.
34
What are other masses that can simulate a pulsatile abdominal mass?
Enlarged lymph node, retroperitoneal tumor/sarcoma, huge fibroid uterus, pancreatic cancer.
35
What is retroperitoneal fibrosis?
Dense, fibrous tissue proliferation confined to paravertebral and central abdomen region overlying aortic bifurcation.
36
How does retroperitoneal fibrosis present sonographically?
As a smooth-marginated, hypoechoic soft-tissue mass encasing the aorta and IVC.
37
What are potential etiologies of retroperitoneal fibrosis?
Idiopathic, autoimmune, drugs, infection, malignancy, radiation, chemotherapy, AAA.
38
What is a fistula?
An abnormal tubelike passage usually secondary to trauma.
39
What symptoms can arise from an arteriovenous fistula?
Low back and abdominal pain, progressive cardiac decompensation, pulsatile mass with bruit, swelling of lower trunk and extremities.
40
What are the major tributaries of the IVC?
Hepatic veins (right, middle, left) and renal veins (right and left).
41
Where do renal veins originate?
Anterior to renal arteries.
42
What is the difference between the left renal vein and right renal vein?
LRV arises medial from hilus of LK; flows posterior to SMA and anterior to AO to enter IVC; larger than RRV.
43
What are the largest tributaries of the IVC?
Hepatic veins.
44
What does the portal vein carry?
Carries blood from intestine and spleen.
45
What forms the portal vein?
Formed by SMV and SV.
46
What does the splenic vein drain?
Drains blood from spleen, stomach, and pancreas.
47
What do ascending lumbar veins parallel?
Parallel the spine and are posterior to psoas muscles.
48
What are congenital IVC abnormalities?
Double IVC (< 3%).
49
What can cause IVC dilation?
Right ventricular failure; IVC does not collapse with expiration.
50
What is the most common tumor associated with IVC abnormalities?
Renal cell carcinoma (usually on right).
51
What are symptoms of renal vein obstruction?
Flank pain, hematuria and proteinuria, nephromegaly.
52
What are the five specific sonographic findings of acute renal vein thrombosis?
Dilated and echo-filled renal vein, absence of intrarenal venous flow, enlarged kidney, hypoechoic renal parenchyma, highly resistive renal artery waveform.

ABDOMEN 1 (17 decks)

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