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Hem/Onc > Intro- Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Intro- Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

______ : reduction in total number of RBCs, amount of Hb or RBC mass in circulation

A

anemia

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2
Q

________: increase in total number of RBCs, amount of Hb and RBC mass in circulation

A

Polycythemia

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3
Q

______ variation in size, RDW > 14.5%

A

Anisocytosis

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4
Q

_____ variation in shape

A

Poikilocytosis

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5
Q

_____ increased in reticulocytes in the peripheral blood stream due to being released prematurely

A

Polychromasia

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6
Q

______ central pallor > 1/3rd the size of RBC

A

Hypochromia

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7
Q

_____ abnormally small RBCs

A

Microcytosis

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8
Q

_____ abnormally large RBC’s

A

Macrocytosis

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9
Q

_____ irregularly spiculated RBC (i.e. abetalipoproteinemia)

A

Acanthocyte

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10
Q

_____ RBCs with short, regular spicules (i.e. uremia)

A

Echinocyte

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11
Q

_____ RBC without central pallor (i.e.hereditary spherocytosis)

A

Spherocyte

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12
Q

_____ Elliptical RBC (i.e. hereditary elliptocytosis)

A

Ovalocyte

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13
Q

______ Fragmented, bi- or tripolar spiculated RBC (i.e DIC)

A

Schistocyte

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14
Q

_____ bipolar spiculated RBC

A

sickle cell

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15
Q

____ Mouth-like deformity

A

Stomatocyte

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16
Q

_____ RBC with concentric circles (i.e. thalassemias)

A

Target cell

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17
Q

____ Unipolar spiculated RBC (i.e. myelofibrosis)

A

tear drop

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18
Q

Whole blood comprises ____ % of total body weight.

A

7-8%

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19
Q

How many pints does the average male have? female?

A

male: 12 pints
female: 9 pints

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20
Q

What are the 5 main functions of blood?

A
  1. oxygen and nutrient transportation
  2. carries waste to kidney & liver
  3. blood loss prevention - clotting
  4. immune response to fight infection
  5. body temperature regulation
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21
Q

What are the 4 components of whole blood?

A

Plasma
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
aka: Erythrocytes
White Blood Cells (WBC)
aka: Leukocytes
Platelets (Plt)
aka: Thrombocytes

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22
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

thrombocytes

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23
Q

The buffy coat is composed of ____ and ____

A

leukocytes and platelets

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24
Q

What percent breakdown of blood?

A

plasma: 55%
Buffy coat: less than 1%
erythrocytes: 45%

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25
Q

Plasma is mostly composed of ___ and ____. Where is it absorbed from?

A

water (90%) and salt

intestinal lining

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26
Q

Where are blood cells primarily produced? Name two extramedullary sites

A

Primary: bone marrow

liver and spleen

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27
Q

Plasma is mainly _____. Name 6 other things that are also found in plasma?

A

water (90%)

proteins, hormones, insulin, electrolytes, nutrients, clotting factors

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28
Q

What shape is a normal RBC? Why is this important?

A

biconcave

very flexible so it can fold in on itself when needed to fit into small capillaries

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29
Q

What is the most abundant type of blood cell?

A

RBC

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30
Q

What are the two responsibilities of hemoglobin?

A

hgb carries oxygen from lungs to the tissue
hgb returns CO2 from the tissues to lungs

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31
Q

How long is the lifespan of a RBC?

A

120 days

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32
Q

RBC production is stimulated by _____

A

erythropoietin

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33
Q

Where is erythropoeitin made?

A

kidneys

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34
Q

What are the 5 types of WBCs?

A

Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil

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35
Q

What are the 4 broad functions of a WBC?

A

fight infections
foreign particles
provide immunity
immune responses

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36
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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37
Q

What are the two agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

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38
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

A

less than 1 day

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39
Q

What is the precent breakdown of WBC?

A

Neutrophils: 60-70%
Lymphocytes: 20-30%
Monocytes: 1-6%
Eosinophils: 1-3%
Basophils: less than 1%

40
Q

Which type of WBC kill bacteria, fungi and foreign debris?

A

neutrophils

41
Q

Which type of WBC clean up damaged cells?

42
Q

Which type of WBC kill parasites, cancer cells and are involved in the allergic response?

A

eosinophils

43
Q

Which type of WBC help fight viruses and make antibodies?

A

lymphocytes

44
Q

Which type of WBC are involved in the allergic response?

45
Q

define a platelet.

A

cell fragment without a nucleus

46
Q

platelet production is stimulated by ______

A

thrombopoietin

47
Q

What and where is throbopoietin found?

A

a hormone released by the liver and kidney

48
Q

Where are extra platelets stored? what is the lifespan? What is the role of platelets?

A

spleen

7-10 days

assist in clotting

49
Q

describe the CBC fishbone

50
Q

What are all the components of a CBC

51
Q

**_____: increased WBC

A

leukocytosis

52
Q

**______: decreased WBC

A

leukopenia

53
Q

_______: increase when the bone marrow has been signaled to produce more neutrophils due to the presence of infection

A

immature neutrophils (called a left shift, indicates an early/acute bacterial infection)

54
Q

**______: increased RBC

A

erythrocytosis

55
Q

**_______: decreased RBC

A

erythrocytopenia

56
Q

What are the different variables for Hgb?

A

sex
age
high altitude
smokers
pregnancy
ethnicity

57
Q

Will a male or female have a higher Hgb?

A

male is higher

58
Q

Will a baby or elderly person have a higher Hgb?

A

higher Hgb in infants

59
Q

Will high altitudes increase or decrease Hgb?

A

high altitude increases Hgb

60
Q

Will smoking increase or decrease Hgb?

A

smoking increases Hgb

61
Q

Will pregnancy increase or decrease Hgb?

A

pregnancy decreases Hgb

62
Q

Define hematocrit

A

a ratio of the volume of RBC to the volume of blood

63
Q

How do you calculate HCT?

A

Hct= Hgb X 3

64
Q

What does mean corpuscular volume (MCV) reflect?

A

reflects individual size of RBC

65
Q

**low MCV = _______. Cell size is (small/normal/large)

A

microcytosis

small cell size

66
Q

** normal MCV = _______. Cell size is (small/normal/large)

A

normocytosis

normal cell size

67
Q

** high MCV= ______. Cell size is (small/normal/large)

A

macrocytosis

large cell size

68
Q

Define mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).

A

the amount (weight) of hemoglobin per RBC

69
Q

what is low MCH, normal MCH, high MCH?

70
Q

What is Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)?

A

average hgb concentration in each RBC

71
Q

How does MCHC differ from MCH?

72
Q

What does the RDW measure? What is it directly related to?

A

the percent of RBC that fall out of normal range in size

directly related to changes in MCV

73
Q

_____ increased RDW in conditions that alter RBC size (high/low MCV) and with reticulocytosis

A

anisocytosis

74
Q

**Define thrombocytopenia

75
Q

**define thrombocytosis

A

high plts, they KNOW what is causes the plts to be high

76
Q

**define thrombocythemia

A

high plts, but they DO NOT KNOW what is causes the plts to be high

77
Q

The mean platelet volume (MPV) reflects ???

A

reflects the average size of platelets

78
Q

What does an increase in MPV indicate?

A

increased plt production, younger platelets are larger in size

79
Q

what does a decrease in MPV indicate?

A

diminished platelet production

80
Q

What does a peripheral blood smear assess?

A

-manually assesses blood cell morphology and cell count
- visualization of neoplastic cells derived from bone marrow

81
Q

what cell types are considered neoplastic?

A

lymphoid cell, myeloid cells

82
Q

**abnormally shaped RBC is called _____

A

poikilocyte

83
Q

a peripheral blood smear assesses plts for ____ and _____

A

size and clumping

84
Q

a peripheral blood smear assesses RBC for what 5 things?

A

size, color(hgb), shape, inclusions, rbc distribution

85
Q

a peripheral blood smear assesses WBC for what?

A

manual differential count

86
Q

Howell Jolly bodies are associated with ______, _____ and _______. What type of inclusion?

A

hyposplenism, asplenism, severe hemolytic anemia

DNA

87
Q

Heinz bodies are associated with ______, What type of inclusion?

A

G6PD deficiency

hemoglobin

88
Q

Pappenheimer bodies are associated with ______, _____, _____ and _______. What type of inclusion?

A

Thalassemia, Sideroblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, post-splenectomy

iron deposits

89
Q

Hemoglobin H inclusion are associated with _______. What type of inclusion?

A

Hemoglobin H disease

hemoglobin

90
Q

Basophilic Stippling are associated with ______, _____ , ______ and _______. What type of inclusion?

A

lead poisoning
thalassemia
sickle cell anemia
MDS

Ribosomes

91
Q

When is osmotic fragility testing used?

A

used to measure erythrocyte resistance to hemolysis while being exposed to varying levels of dilution of a saline solution.

92
Q

What are the normal findings of the osmotic fragility test?

93
Q

When is hemoglobin electrophoresis used?

A

used as a screening test to identify normal and abnormal hemoglobins and assess their quantity. Different hgb types

94
Q

Which lab values assess micro/macrocytosis?

95
Q

Which lab value assesses hyperchromia?

Hem/Onc (14 decks)

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