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PSYC340 > Intro / history > Flashcards

Intro / history Flashcards

1
Q

Describe abnormal behaviour

A

• Behaviour, thoughts, feelings of the individual which are abnormal for them
- Can be only one of those 3 (thoughts only, not noticeable for others)

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2
Q

Name the 5 components of abnormal behaviour

A
  1. Statistical infrequency
  2. Violation of norms
  3. Personal distress
  4. Disability/dysfunction
  5. Unexpectedness
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3
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

A

• How much a behaviour is on either extreme end of the normal bell curve for that behaviour
- “Normal” behaviour is in the middle of the curve, and “abnormal” are towards the ends

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4
Q

Differentiate between trait anxiety and state anxiety

A

trait anxiety: trait of the person to be anxious,

state anxiety: level of anxiety at any given moment (someone with trait anxiety is + likely to have high state anxiety at any moment)

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5
Q

Define violation of norms in abnormal behaviour

A

• Behaviour that violates social norms; CAN be an indicator for abnormal psych
- Extremely culturally relevant

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6
Q

Define personal distress related to abnormal behaviour

A

• Causes distress to the person experiencing it (ex: depression, extreme anxiety)
- Not for all abnormal psych cases - some illnesses may not cause distress (ex: psychopaths)

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7
Q

Define disability/dysfunction related to abnormal behaviour

A

• Impairment in one area of life (ex: social disability = struggling to mingle)

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8
Q

Define unexpectedness in abnormal behaviour, and compare it to violation of norms

A

• Unexpected response to an environmental stressor (similar to violation of norms)

  • Violation of norms is more related to the culture than unexpectedness
  • Unexpectedness is more on a situational scale than a cultural one
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9
Q

How many psychologists are there vs psychiatrists?

A

13,000 psychologists, 3,600 psychiatrists

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10
Q

What is the main difference between psychiatrists and psychologists?

A

Psychiatrists have a MD and are + based on a medical model, while psychologists have a PhD or PsyD and have a more scientific approach (+ formed to deal with clients, less to medicate)

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11
Q

What is the problem with mental health services in Canada?

A

insurance plans sometimes don’t cover psychology services, which make them less accessible to the public

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12
Q

Define demonology

A
  • Belief that an evil spirit (displeasure of gods or possession by demons) causes bad things to happen (stuff out of control to humans)
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13
Q

What are the treatments for possession by an evil spirit

A

exorcism, and trepanning (holes in skulls, used to cure headaches and psychological disorders attributed to demons)

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14
Q

Why does exorcism and trepanning might actually work?

A

§ Strong beliefs in these rituals and this philosophy can lead people to be actually cured by exorcisms (not in all cases though)

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15
Q

Define somatogenesis

A

the idea that the symptoms of the person are the result of something physical

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16
Q

Define psychogenesis

A

(mental) cause to mental illness

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17
Q

Explain Hippocrates 4 humors theory of imbalance

A

□ Blood (+ = changeable temperament)
□ Black Bile (+ = melancholia)
□ Yellow bile (+ = irritability / anxiousness)
□ Phlegm (+ = sluggishness / dullness)

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18
Q

How did Hippocrates viewed medicine and mental illness?

A

• Supported the idea that medicine is separated from religion and the supernatural, and that psychological illnesses should be treated like physical illnesses

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19
Q

How did people come to chase witches?

A

• Religion became more influent (Dark Ages), monks became the care providers, and Christian monasteries replaced physicians / hospitals to treat mental disorders
§ Were scapegoats to explain the disasters of the time (famine and plague)

There was a return to demonological ideas

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20
Q

What is the Malleus Maleficarum?

A

manual about witches, how to recognize them and how to treat them, etc

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21
Q

Why did we see many examples of delusional thoughts in non-mentally-ill individuals, which were falsely accused of being witches? How did we find this?

A

§ Delusional thoughts might have been caused by torture in non mentally-ill individuals
This problem was not present in England, where torture was not allowed

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22
Q

When/why did we started to view mentally-ill people as non-possessed?

A

§ When hospitals took over the care for the ill, the law allowed the insane to be kept in hospitals AND people were not considered as being possessed (13th century on)

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23
Q

Define what are lunacy trials

A
  • Lunacy trials = decide if a person will be taken in a mental hospital or not
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24
Q

What was the Priory of St.Mary of Bethlehem?

A

§ An hospital devoted solely for the confinement of the ill
§ Conditions were horrible
§ It was visited for fun

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25
Q

Name 2 important figures in the development of moral treatment for the mentally ill

A

§ Philippe Pinel in La Bicetre : more humane treatment (for upper classes mostly)
William Tuke: York Retreat (moral treatment, calm place) (US hospitals were made on the model of his retreat)

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26
Q

Explain the role of Dorothea Dix

A

Improved conditions in prisons and mental hospitals in the US - made 32 institutions to be constructed to accomodate the patients who could not be taken by the private sector

§ Not enough employees to offer individual treatment in public institutions - hospitals came to be focused on physical treatment rather than compassion
§ Established an hospital in Nova Scotia, criticized the asylums in Quebec and Toronto
§ Was able to resurrect moral treatment, which had been abandoned in the latter part of the 19th century

27
Q

Explain Deinstitutionalization and Transinstitutionalization

A

§ Deinstitutionalization: shift care from psychiatric hospitals to community
§ Transinstitutionalization: shift care from psych hospitals to psych wards in general hospitals

28
Q

After the development of asylums, there was a return of which view on mental illness? What did that bring?

A
  • Return to somatogenic views - physical cause to every mental illness

We started to see mental illness as physical diseases, and treat them in a more medical way

29
Q

Describe the contributions of Emil Keaepelin

A

§ Created classification system to establish the biological cause of mental illnesses - became present system for diagnosis

§ Noticed syndromes

§ Proposed 2 major groups of mental illnesses
□ Dementia praecox (schizophrenia’s ancestor)
□ Manic-depressive psychosis (now called bipolar disorder)

30
Q

What are syndromes?

A

group of symptoms occurring together - early system of classification

31
Q

What is the link between general paresis and syphilis? Who discovered it? What is the impact of this on psychology?

A
  • Syphilis: led to general paresis (deterioration of health, personality changes / mood swings)
    § Louis Pasteur: germ theory of disease - link between syphilis and paresis caused by a germ
    □ Also established a causal link between infection, destruction of brain areas, and a form of psychopathology
32
Q

Describe the perspective of Mesmer and Charcot

A

§ Hysteria caused physical symptoms, with no physical cause - Mesmer regarded and treated it as strictly physical diseases
§ Charcot: realized that hysteria could be faked with hypnosis (initially had a somatogenic point of view, this made him change his mind)
§ Mesmer: believed that we were made of animal fluids which needed to be realigned with magnets and the power of suggestion

33
Q

Describe the work of Breuer

A

§ Breuer: hypnotized Anna O. And allowed her to talk about her past trauma while under hypnosis, which relieved her physical symptoms (cathartic method)

34
Q

What was Philippe Pinel’s view on mental illness?

A

Believed that mentally ill were people who should be approached with compassion.
Psychopathology stems from “affections moral” or passions - (anger, hate, wounded pride, seeking vengeance, disgust with life, suicidal tendencies) - which removed their reason - could be regained with comfort and activity

35
Q

Were drugs used in conjunction with moral treatment?

A

They were the most common treatment (alcohol, cannabis, opiates, knockout drops) - the outcomes of these treatments were not favourable

36
Q

How were mental asylums in Canada in the 1700s-1800s?

A

Dix discovered the horrible conditions in which mental patients lived in the Canadian asylums (constructed after 1840). She made a public appeal to make people realize the impact of these conditions on the people they were trying to treat.

37
Q

First textbook in Canada about the care and control of the mentally ill

A

Lehman (1840): suggested harsh treatment despite the general movement of the time
Sussman argued that the reform in care in psychiatric hospital happened ad hoc the 1880s.

38
Q

How was care for the mentally ill in Quebec’s Hotel Dieu? (1714)

A

It was based on humane treatment practices. but when the English took over Quebec it went back to harsh treatment (after 1763’s treaty of paris)

39
Q

Which province (Canada) was the last to open an asylum? And around when?

A

Alberta was the last, its hospitals were built in the period of the 1st WW

40
Q

How was the Annual Report of the Board of Asylum Inspectors in 1865 about Toronto’s Provincial Lunatic Asylum?

A

Glowing report, but said that it was overcrowded and that this overcrowding might be the reason why the death rate was high.
Doctors said the death rate was due to the “general paresis of the insane”, a condition known as “phthisis”

41
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of the early mental health care system in Canada?

A

1- The mentally ill was separated from other types of illnesses (physical, injury, trauma, etc)
2- The process of treating the mentally ill was done separated from the larger comunity, in institutions

42
Q

Who asked that each mental illness diagnosis was paired with a biological cause?

A

Griesigner

43
Q

Describe the controversy surrounding Ewen Cameron

A

He was involved in a series of experiments aimed at finding techniques to brainwash people, which were funded by the CIA and the Canadian Federal Government

44
Q

How do we perceive mentally ill people today in Canada?

A

Stories of dramatic events stay longer in our minds (ex: Li who killed someone because of untreated schizophrenia); leads to stereotyping and stigmatization
Such stigma might explain why only 1/3 of people reach for help with depression

45
Q

What is the effect of celebrities disclosing their history of mental illness to the public?

A

it sheds a light on the phenomeon and contributes to reduce the stigma associated with it; by showing that everyone can be affected by it
Can also start some awareness campaigns

46
Q

What are the attitudes towards disclosure of mental illness in our society?

A

It is believed that we should not disclose if we have a mental illness;
50% of canadians believe it’s an excuse for poor behaviour
about 50% said they would avoid socializing or working with mentally ill people
50% said they would not disclose it to their relatives if they had a mental illness

47
Q

Name a celebrity struggling with a mental illness

A

Jim Carrey; depression
Was on prozac for yrs but now relies on spiritual methods to cope
Had roles depicting mental illnesses (ironic) (Movie Me, Myself and Irene)

48
Q

Summarize the contributions of Heather Stuart on mental illness awareness

A

Chair of Bell Mental Health and Anti Stigma Research (1st in the world that focuses on stigma)
Campaign in schools to bring awareness to schizophrenia with a video (more useful to females)

49
Q

Define self stigma

A

Tendency to see oneself in a negative light after experiencing a mental illness problem because of internalized stigma about mental problems

50
Q

Define mental health literacy. How is it in Canada?

A

the accurate knowledge that a person develops about the causes and treatments of mental illness
More and more people see it as a real medical problem
People are cautious about psychiatric drug use
A majority believe that most people can suffer from mental illness
People know a bit about depression, but not so much about other disorders like schizophrenia
There is still room for improvement

51
Q

How many Canadians met criteria for a mental health disorder at some point in their life?

A

1 in 3

52
Q

How many Canadians had an unmet need for treatment (in part or totally)?

A

1 in 3

53
Q

Does the mental health portrait differ between the different Canadian provinces?

A

Quebec might have + distress, but mostly related to SES and not geography (less than 19,000$ per year = 4.3x + likely to have a disorder)
Maritimes provinces tend to be + healthy (mentally)

54
Q

What is the cost of mental health?

A 
It is unmeasurable. Affects:
Personal distress
Disruption of family life
Lower quality of life
Loss of productivity
The burden of mentall illness is estimated to be 1.5x greater than the burden of cancer
55
Q

Romanow Report (2001)

A

Goal: bring authorities together and find a sustainable solution to mental health problem in Canada
Problems noted: fragmented constituency and lack of national action plan
Brought 5 mental health associations together to speak up about a national mental health plan, to remedy to the lack of a comprehensive national plan
Recommendations:
-Expand medicare coverage beyond physical treatment
-Make a plan to help natural aides of mentally ill ppl
-Make sure that at least 50% of medication costs is covered
-Improve remote areas’ services (aboriginal communities)

56
Q

Senate Committee Final Report on mental health in Canada (2006) (AKA Kirby Report)

A

Creation of Mental Health Commission of Canada
-Goal: kickstart the reform on mental health, with individuals in or outside of politics, educate/inform pop, support people
Creation of Mental Health Transition Fund
-Goal: allow federal govt to make an investment to speed the process of the reform

57
Q

What are some issues/challenges regarding the treatment of mental illnesses?

A

Evaluating the efficacy of treatments is HARD, because therapists are limited to the use of evidence-based treatments

The efficacy of treatments sometimes differ between research settings and real-life settings - for ex: not the case for CBT therapy

Therapists are limited in terms of time and resources (some therapies that take too long have to be replaced by shorter but sometimes less efficient therapies)

58
Q

What are the problems with wait times for mental health consultations?

A

The wait times to get treatments are LONG (3 months to a year) - increases the admissions in emergency rooms for children and adolescents
Mean wait time in 2015 was about 19 weeks

59
Q

Why is there a mismatch between people’s needs and the care received?

A

Men particularly dont ask for help - 15-24y.o. even less
Some rely on their peers, others on Internet, rather than to actual professionals
About 50% of ppl with diagnosis do NOT seek help
Young men are 2x + likely to commit suicide, adults, 3-4x+

The + people suffer, the - likely they are to seek help (college/uni students research)
College/uni student also have negative beliefs about the benefits, less self-disclosure, and lack $ coverage

SES influence: high SES makes ppl 1.6x+ likely to seek help

60
Q

What is the impact of deinstitutionalization?

A

Increases social problems such as imprisonment of the mentally ill and homelessness

Psychiatric patients are discharged earlier - does not help

- Mental health issues could actually be risk factors for homelessness
    - There are 300% + mentally ill ppl in prisons than in hospitals (US)
61
Q

What are the suggestions to remedy to the problem of mental illness in prisons/jails?

A
  • Create intermediate health care units.
  • Increase capacity at regional treatment centres.
  • Recruit and retain more mental health professionals.
  • Expand the range of alternative mental health service delivery partnerships with the provinces and territories.”
62
Q

What is community psychology?

A

Psychology in “seeking mode”; Community psychologists seek problems rather than waiting for ppl to come to them
Focused on prevention

63
Q

Describe Canada’s 2012 mental health strategy

A 
Increase promotion of mental health
Foster recovery for mentally ill ppl
Provide access to services
Reduce disparities in risk factors
Work with aboriginal communities
Mobilize leadership and improve knowledge

PSYC340 (14 decks)

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