Chatper 3 - Clinical Assessment Flashcards

Question

Pros and Cons of intelligence tests

Answer 1

Norms have been established over many tests, so it increases their reliability Has to be put in context to have practical/significant use

Answer 2

- Verbal: vocabulary, similarities, arithmetic, digit span, information, comprehension, letter-number sequencing - Performance: picture completion, digit-symbol coding, block design, matrix reasoning, picture arrangement, symbol search, object assembly *Can be done as neuropsych tests, because some test things like WM

Answer 3

``` Projective tests (ex: response to ambiguous stimuli) Objective tests (ex: self-reports) ```

Answer 4

Collection of traits relatively stable over time in an individual (depends on a combination of factors - family, genetics, experiences, etc)

Answer 5

NO - personality = way someone typically deals with the world

Answer 6

``` Characteristics: ambiguous stimuli freedom of response open to interpretations (flaw) it's coming directly from the patient - allow interpretation similar to art piece Ex: Rorschach Inkblot test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) House-Tree-Person ```

Answer 7

House: how they feel in their environment Tree: related to emotions/stability/emotional world Person: represents themselves, as a person

Answer 8

Kids asked to draw their family as doing something (seeing family dynamics)

Answer 9

May zoom on 1 small detail, not take full picture | Imagine things that arent there

Answer 10

Answers greatly influenced by the current state of the person highly subjective interpretation

Answer 11

Colours are connected with emotions; if they are not considered in the response we need to ask why not (Possibility: patient struggles with expressing emotions)

Answer 12

``` What is happening now? What led up to this event? What will the outcome be? What are they thinking and feeling? Looking for themes in the person's answers (ex: sad endings, rejection, etc) ```

Answer 13

Group Norms (stats of many ppl compiled) Well-defined stimuli (compared to projective test - true/false questions rather than interpreting pictures) Quantitative responses Easy administration and scoring Ex: NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

Answer 14

``` OCEAN - 5-factor model to personality Openness to experience: inquiring intellect Conscientiousness: dependability Extraversion: sociability Agreeableness: friendly compliance Neuroticism: emotional stability ```

Answer 15

567 t/f questions Based on normative sample of 2600 adults and clinical samples (in and outpatients) 10 clinical scales: empirical keying (certain disorder), compared to normative rates of responding - to identify precise disorders Validity scales - to detect patterns of unreliable/biased responding

Answer 16

``` Social desirability (don't want to appear sick( Trying to get attention/services ```

Answer 17

1. Hypochondriasis (excessice concern with body functions) 2. Depression (pessimism, hopelessness, slowing of thoughts/behaviours) 3. Hysteria (somatoform disorders; physical manifestations but with psychological cause - to avoid conflicts or responsibility) 4. Psychopathic deviate (disregard of customs, shallow emotions, inability to profit from experience) 5. Masculinity-femininity (obsolete - not useful for gender dysphoria) 6. Paranoia (abnormal suspiciousness, delusions of grandeur/persecution) 7. Psychasthenia (obsessions, compulsiveness, fears, guilt, indecisiveness - linked with OCD) 8. Schizophrenia (bizarre/unusual thoughts/behaviours, withdrawal, hallucinations, delusions) 9. Hypomania (emotional excitement, overactivity - component of bipolar disorders) 10. Social introversion (shyness, disinterest in others)

Answer 18

Field of study concerned with theory and technique of psychological measurement, the constructions of instruments and procedures for measurement

Answer 19

Degree to which a measuring instrument produces the same result each time it is used to measure the same thing (consistency of the measurement)

Answer 20

Degree to which 2 raters arrive at the same conclusions

Answer 21

Stability of measures over time

Answer 22

symptoms will be there 1 day but not the other (influences reliability)

Answer 23

Degree to which a test/assessment measures what it is intended to measure

Answer 24

Are we measuring the construct of interest? Are the items really measuring the construct we intend to measure?

Answer 25

Correspondence to external criterion or standard Is the measurement you get related to the construct you want to measure for real? Ex: take someone who definitely has the disorder and compare it with someone suspected to have it; are their results comparable?

Answer 26

Compare results of different measures intended to measure the same construct EX; is the criteria "skin conductance" related to whatever other measure of anxiety? There should be something you're adding with this new measure

Answer 27

Should be able to predict something ELSE in the future with our measurements; ex: depression being an indicator for suicidal ideation

Answer 28

Are the items on the questionnaire LOOKING like they are related to the construct? With logic/intuition Could have ONLY face validity and no other type - would indicate a bad study

Answer 29

Getting the same results over time, but not actually measuring what is intended

Answer 30

Measuring the right thing but results are not consistent over time (might have a measure very sensitive to transient symptoms - that are not permanent)

Answer 31

quick and dirty way to make an assessment (ex: useful for ER evaluation) - always a physical before this if they came in the ER Way to get a lot of info very quickly Goal: understand what that person needs in order to determine where they should go after Inpatient care? Neurological consult? Sent home?

Answer 32

General description (appearance, psychomotor behaviour, attitude towards examiner) Mood and affect (how they feel generally) Speech Perceptual disturbances (do they hear/see stuff that we can't?) Thought (oriented to person, place, time, process - do they know who/where they are?) Judgement and insight

Answer 33

using 2 forms of a test rather than the same test twice (to avoid ppl remembering answers)

Answer 34

whether the items on a test are related to one another (ex: we expect the items of an anxiety survey to be correlated with one another if they truly assess anxiety)

Answer 35

the extent to which a measure adequately samples the domain of interest

Answer 36

the validity of the interpretations and decisions made with respect to a particular person (ex: accurately assessing a disorder to someone)

Answer 37

Since an interview is unstructured and the clinician relies on experience and intuition, it has low reliability (2 clinicians will come to different conclusions) The info will be corrected in the following sessions with the client

Answer 38

Proliferation/predominance of unstructured clinical interviews (low reliability and validity) Suggestions that very low numbers of clinicians adhere to best practice assessment guidelines Relatively rare use of assessment in formal treatment monitoring by clinicians

Answer 39

results of tests are analyzed to see how certain types of ppl tend to respond, in order to establish statistical norms

Answer 40

standards used to interpret an individual's score (comparison context) - usually mean scores and variability scores

Answer 41

Renamed the Symptom validity scale and unusable in court - extent to which the answers make sense

Answer 42

To diagnose LD, in conjunction with achievement tests (and assess strength/weaknesses for academic planning To determine the presence of intellectual disability Identify intellectually gifted chilren As part of neuropsych evaluations (ex: with dementia patients)

Answer 43

Black ppl have scores lower of abt 15 pts Has been associated with genetic factors, but in fact it could be due more to environmental Stereotype threat: test scores fluctuates out of concern that they will be used to reinforce stereotypical ideas Aboriginal ppl: is it biased to apply to them the same norms as the general population? Inuit children had significantly low scores on verbal scale, mainly bc of poor comprehension of the English language (77% had a less than 70 score for verbal scale, while only 5.7% had a less than 70 score for overall test) One solution: rely on race norms (norms that were revised for cultural/racial groups)

Answer 44

map of a person's presenting problems that describes the territory of the problems and explains the processes that caused and maintained the problem Allows for + individualized treatment Formulations: possible causes for certain problems (influence treatment)

Answer 45

1. Problem List (Difficulties the clients is having in various domains (psych, developmetns, interpersonal, occupational, medical, housing, financial, legal, leisure)) 2. Diagnosis (Included because it can leaf to initial hypotheses about how to formulate the case and provide info about possible interventions) 3. Working Hypothesis ("Mini theory" of the case: suggests relations among the problems (clinician tells a story of the person's problems)) 4. Strengths and Assets (Info about patient's strengths; can help to develop the hypothesis and define goals/treatment) 5. Treatment Plan (Has 6 components 1. Goals - crucial 2. Modality 3. Frequency 4. Initial interventions 5. Adjunct therapies 6. Obstacles - crucial)

Answer 46

(single photon emission computerized tomography): assesses blood flow to the brain

Answer 47

physician who specialized in medical diseases that affect the nervous system (ex; cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer's)

Answer 48

psychologist who studies how dysfunctions of the brain affect the way we think, feel, and behave

Answer 49

Measure in an accurate way the behavioural correlates of brain functions Identify characteristic profile of neurobehavioural syndromes Establish possible location, etiology of a brain lesion Determine if neuropsychological deficits are present regardless of diagnosis Describe neuropsychological strengths, weaknesses and strategy of problem solving Assess the patient's feelings' about their syndrome Provide treatment recommendations

Answer 50

269 items assessing general brain functions Administered in 2.5 hrs Reliable and valid Believed to pick up effects of brain damage where neurological examination cant Can be controlled for educational levels Children's version useful for brain damage in children

Answer 51

Neurobehavioral research with focus on memory and frontal-lobe functions (Donald T. Struss) Rourke - U of Windsor - research on non-verbal methods for the neuropsych assessment of children and adults with LD Study on effects of dementia on the Canadian society (Canadian Study of Health and Aging) - neuropsychological battery administered in 1hr Zakzanis and colleagues: put together profiles of test sensitivities for types of dementia (to help clinicians)

Answer 52

concerned with the bodily changes that accompany psychological events or that are associated with a person's psychological characteristics Ex: heart rate, muscle tension, blood flow, etc are measured, as well as brain waves Not sensitive enough for diagnosis, but can provide important info

Answer 53

Demographics: 35 y.o. Cop from Winnipeg Went to university ``` Problems Erectile dysfunction (substance-use based) Mood swings (bipolar disorder I) Alcoholism Avoidant Personality Disorder Difficult relationship with spouse ``` History Unhappy childhood Mother died suddenly Alcoholic father - variable moods (manic-depressive psychosis) Poor - father income was irregular Psych problems started in uni Depressive episodes - followed by manic episodes Self-conscious with ppl of authority Met Judy, his wife - married quickly (doubted how she could love someone like him) Entered police academy, did not believe he was skilled enough to go to law school Hoped it would gain other's respect Wife quit uni to help pay his school Mood swings - drank to help Tried having children at 32 Impotence problems started Could not believe his wife truly loved him Alcohol problems worsen and attacked his wife Diagnosing is difficult, but crucial in giving the right treatment We base our decisions on the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

Answer 54

Research: can advance research Clinical practice: can guide treatment and understanding of the disorder Pharmaceutical industry: what is its role in the classification? Profit? Legal system: biases/inadequacies in how disorder is determined can get reflected in legal decisions Public; does the classification relate to general beliefs about mental disorder among people in general

Answer 55

norms that were revised for cultural/racial groups

Answer 56

Scores fluctuate out of concern about how the information will be used according to stereotypical perceptions about a certain ethnic group

Answer 57

"The notion that highly unstructured stimuli, as in the Rorschach inkblot test, are necessary to bypass defences in order to reveal unconscious motives and conflicts."