intro / fundamentals

Question 1

origin of ecology

Answer 1

oikos - house / place to live

Question 2

pioneered “population regeneration” and “food chain” studies (person)

Answer 2

anton van leeuwenhoek

Question 3

coined the term “ecology” - body of knowledge concerning economy of nature; relations of animal to in/organic environment (person)

Answer 3

ernst haeckel (zoologist)

Question 4

elevated ecology to one of the (3) natural divisions of biology - (1) physiology (2) morphology (3) ecology (person)

Answer 4

burdon-sanderson

Question 5

accdg to them, ecology is the scientific study of distribution and abundance of organisms (person)

Answer 5

andrewartha

Question 6

accdg to them, ecology is the structure and function of nature (person)

Answer 6

odum

Question 7

accdg to them, ecology is the scientific study of processes regulating dist. and abundance of organisms and interactions among them, as well as the study of how these organisms in turn mediate the transport and transformation of energy and matter in the biosphere (study of design of ecosystem structure and function) (person)

Answer 7

krebs

Question 8

(divisions of biology)
horizontal layers (e.g., molecular bio, devt bio, genetics, ecology, etc)

Answer 8

basic divisions

Question 9

(divisions of biology) vertical slices (e.g., bacteriology, ornithology, botany, entomology)

Answer 9

taxonomic divisions

Question 10

biotic components (list)

Answer 10

genes, cells, organs, organisms, populations, communities

Question 11

abiotic components (list)

Answer 11

matter, energy

Question 12

biotic components + abiotic components = _________________ ?

Answer 12

biosystems
interaction with physical environment (energy + matter) at each level produces characteristic FUNCTIONAL systems

e.g., genetic system, cells system, organs systems, organismic systems, populations systems, ecosystems

Question 13

study of individual organism and/or species with emphasis on LIFE HISTORIES and BEHAVIOUR as means of adaptation to the environment

Answer 13

autoecology

Question 14

study of groups of organisms which are associated together as a unit

Answer 14

syncecology

Question 15

group of interacting and interbreeding organisms

Answer 15

population

Question 16

different populations living together and interacting

populations can interact as COMPETITORS, PREDATOR and PREY, or SYMBIOTICALLY

Answer 16

community

Question 17

organisms and their physical and chemical environments together in a particular area
smallest units that can sustain life in isolation from all but atmospheric surroundings

Answer 17

ecosystem

Question 18

large scale areas of similar vegetation and climatic characteristics

Answer 18

biome

Question 19

thin film on surface of the earth in which all life exists; the union of all the ecosystems
highly ordered system, held together by the energy of the sun

Answer 19

biosphere

Question 20

basic functional unit of ecology

involves biotic communities and abiotic environment both necessary for maintenance of life

Answer 20

ecosystem

Question 21

person who proposed the term “ecosystem”

Answer 21

A.G. Tansley (british ecologist)

Question 22

(trophic - (relating to feeding/nutrition) standpoint)
component of an ecosystem in which fixation of light energy, use of simple inorganic substances and build-up of complex substances predominate

Answer 22

autotrophic component

Question 23

(trophic - (relating to feeding/nutrition) standpoint)

component of an ecosystem in which utilisation, rearrangement, and decomposition of complex materials predominate

Answer 23

heterotrophic component

Question 24

one of the universal features of all ecosystems

Answer 24

interaction of auto- and heterotrophic components

Question 25

process that occurs in the upper “green belt” stratum in which light energy is available

Answer 25

autotrophic metabolism

Question 26

process that occurs in the “brown belt” below in which organic matter accumulates in the soils and sediments

Answer 26

heterotrophic metabolism

Question 27

(energy circuit - space time separation of heterotrophic utilization of autotrophic organism products)
refers to direct consumption of living plants and plant products

Answer 27

grazing circuit

Question 28

(energy circuit - space time separation of heterotrophic utilization of autotrophic organism products)
involves accumulation and decomposition of dead materials

Answer 28

organic detritus circuit

Question 29

identify the 6 components of the structure of an ecosystem

Answer 29

(1) inorganic substances
(2) organic compounds
(3) climate regime
(4) producers
(5) macroconsumers or phatographs
(6) microconsumers, sapotrophs, or osmotrophs

Question 30

(ecosystem structure component)

includes C, N, CO2, H2O, etc, involved in material cycles

Answer 30

inorganic substances

Question 31

(ecosystem structure component)

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, humic substances, etc, that link biotic and abiotic

Answer 31

organic compounds

Question 32

(ecosystem structure component)

temperature and other physical factors

Answer 32

climate regime

Question 33

(ecosystem structure component)

autotrophic organisms, largely green plants able to manufacture food from simple inorganic materials

Answer 33

producers

Question 34

(ecosystem structure component)

heterographic organism, chiefly animals which ingest other organisms or particulate organic matter

Answer 34

macroconsumers or phatographs

Question 35

(ecosystem structure component)
heterotrophic organisms, chiefly bacteria and fungi, which break down the complex compounds of dead protoplasms, absorb some of the decomposition products, and release inorganic nutrients

Answer 35

microconsumers, saprotrophs, or osmotrophs

Question 36

identify the 6 components of an ecosystem in terms of function

Answer 36

(1) energy circuits
(2) food chains
(3) diversity patterns in time and space
(4) nutrient (biogeochemical) cycles
(5) development and evolution
(6) control (cybernetics)