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Bio 30: Embryology (Lecture) > Intro, Fields and History > Flashcards

Intro, Fields and History Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Study of animal development

A

Embryology

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1
Q

Central Paradox of Life

A

How is it that a single fertilized egg can give rise to a multicellular complex organism?

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2
Q

Process or larval stage

A

Juvenile stage

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3
Q

Has approximate size and capacity to reproduce

A

Adult stage

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4
Q

Study of heredity; transmission of traits from parents to offspring

A

Genetics

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5
Q

Govern different stages of development through its activities and nature

A

Genes

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6
Q

Embryogenesis and postnatal devt

A

Developmental Biology

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7
Q

Study of the effect of genes to development of organism

A

Developmental Genetics

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8
Q

Big 4

A
  1. Neural crest cells
  2. Neural tube
  3. Pharyngeal gill slits and pouches
  4. Postanal tail

//

  1. Dorsal nerve cord
  2. Notochord
  3. Pharyngeal pouches
  4. Postanal tail
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9
Q

Abnormal proliferation of cells

A

Neoplastic growth

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10
Q

Regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism

A

Regeneration

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11
Q

Animal physically develops after birth; transition

A

Metamorphosis

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12
Q

Repair of tissues: molecular to organismic level

A

Tissue Repair

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13
Q

Example organisms for gene splicing

A

6-eyed cat and zebroid foal

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14
Q

Processes and sequential events of devt from single cell zygote to multicellular organism

A

Descriptive Embryology

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15
Q

Analysis of comparisons in devt between different vert groups

A

Comparative Embryology

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16
Q

Recapitulation Theory / Biogenetic Law person!!!

A

Ernst Haeckel

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17
Q

Recapitulation Theory / Biogenetic Law states that…

A

“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” but no total similarity

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18
Q

Von Baer’s Law states that:

A

Early features appear earlier, special/specific features appear later

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19
Q

Stage during which different species seem almost identical

A

Phylotypic stage

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20
Q

What happens in stage II of early development (von Baer) ?

A

Embryo assumes certain features not similar to others

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21
Q

What happens in stage III of early development (von Baer) ?

A

Embryos begin to have their own certain characteristics and special features

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22
Q

Oviparous

A

Lay eggs, develop outside mother

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23
Q

Viviparous

A

Embryos develop inside mommy

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24
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Eggs retained in mother’s body

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25
Q

Testing a hypothesis by manipulating embryo

A

Experimental Embryology

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26
Q

Who pioneered Experimental Embryology

A

WILHELM ROUX

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27
Q

Involves transplant of tissue/organ to same species

A

Homotransplantation

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28
Q

Involves transplant of tissue/organ to another species within order

A

Xenotransplantation

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29
Q

Problems of conception and contraception

A

Reproductive Biology

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30
Q

Emphasis of reproductive biology (5: G Tf Er Ed I)

A 
Gametogenesis
Transport of gametes and fert
Endocrinology of reproduction
Embryonic devt
Implantation of embryo
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31
Q

Study of chemical and physical events in devt (molecular aspect)

A

Chemical Embryology

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32
Q

Study of birth defects

A

Teratology

33
Q

Genetic events in teratology (3: MAT)

A

Mutations
Aneuploidy
Translocation

34
Q

Mutation

A

Replaced base pairs

35
Q

Anueploidy

A

Change in chromosome number

36
Q

Translocation

A

Misdecoded tasks, change in position of base pairs

37
Q

malformations due to production of much lesser number of cells during cell proliferation

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

38
Q

Phocomelia: define and cause

A
  • long bones of limbs are absent or deficient; also, facial deformities
  • genetic inheritance / mutation / drug THALIDOMIDE
39
Q

Cultured germ cells meet in a controlled environment

A

Test tube baby or in vitro fertilization

40
Q

In vitro embryos transferred to surrogate mothers

A

Embryo Transfer

41
Q

Creating genetically identical living organisms

A

Animal Cloning

42
Q

First ever cloned animal and baby

A

Dolly, Bonnie

43
Q

Who made Dolly and from which type of cell

A

Ian Wilmuth and Keith Campbell

Mammary gland cell

44
Q

Aristotle contributions

A

Preformation and epigenesis

45
Q

Preformation

A

Mini embryo already existed and only needed time and nourishment for devt

46
Q

Epigenesis

A

Gradual formation of structures; single cell to multicellular

47
Q

Encasement concept

A

Homunculus, a tiny human in fetal position in the head of sperm

48
Q

Discoveted parthenogenesis in some female insect

A

Charles Bonnet

49
Q

Galen’s contribution

A

Studied structures of advanced fetuses (not studied well since early stages more critical)

50
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek + Louis Hamm contributions (2)

A

First to see human sperms with microscope

From drop of water they saw bacteria, protozoa, sperm cells

51
Q

Regnier de Graaf (2)

A

First to describe ovarian follicles and Fallopian tube

Studied ectopic pregnancy

52
Q

Graafian follicles are…

A

Mature ovarian follicles

53
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Fetus does not develop within uterus

54
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

Stated: male and female gametes required to initiate devt

55
Q

Marcello Malpighi (2)

A

Description of devt of chick in egg
First microscopic acct of chick devt
Unconvinced of epigenesis

56
Q

Karl Ernst von Baer (4)

A

von Baer’s Law
Germ Layer Theory
Investigated cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation
Discovered chick notochord and mammalian egg

57
Q

Caspar Friedrich Wolff

A

Embryology devt occurs through progressive remodeling and growth
Supported epigenesis

58
Q

Matthias Schleiden + Theodor Schwann (4)

A

All plants and animals made up of cells
Cell Theory with Virchow
proved epigenesis
Foundation of modern embryology

59
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life
  2. Cells come only from preexisting cells
  3. Cells contain genetic information which is inherited
60
Q

August Weismann (4)

A

Studied sea urchin egg fertilization and cleavage
Developed the Germ Plasm Theory
theorized Mosaic Pattern of Development
*zygote contains nuclei from parents

61
Q

Germ Plasm Theory states that… (3)

A

Somatic cells vs Germ Cells (GCs the ones involved in perpetuation of species)
Mutations in somatic cells not inherited
Mutations in germ cells reflected in both somatic and germ cells

62
Q

Mosaic Development aka???

A

Weismann’s Theory of Nuclear Determination

63
Q

Mosaic Devt states that… (3)

A

Zygote contains 2 pronuclei
Nuclei contains factors that are unequally distributed in daughter cells
Fate of each cell predetermined in egg by factors it would receive during cleavage

64
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A

Recapitulation Theory or Biogenetic Law

65
Q

Wilhelm Roux (2)

A

Ablation Experiment or Embryonic Extirpation

Proved Weismann’s theory of Mosaic Development, wherein character and fate of each cell is determined at cleavage

66
Q

Ablation Experiment - anyare?

A

He destroyed 1 blastomere sa 2-cell stage –> only half embryo was formed

67
Q

Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch

A

Totipotent vs Pluripotent

Demonstrated: possible to remove large pieces of eggs yet not affect the resulting embryo

68
Q

Monad

A

Totipotent blastomere

69
Q

Can give rise to all types of cells; causes indiv cells to produce other systems that it will not produce normally

A

Totipotent

70
Q

Can only give rise to specific cells

A

Pluripotent

71
Q

Ability of the embryo to develop normally even if some cells are removed or rearranged

A

Regulative Development

72
Q

Answer to friction between Roux’s Ablation Expt and Driesch’s Regulative Devt Expt?

A

There is no such thing as pure mosaic or pure regulative dev’t. It depends on particular phase or time of development.

73
Q

Hans Spemann + Hilde Mangold (2 experiments)

A

Induction Experiment

Transplantation experiment

74
Q

Anyare sa Induction Experiment

A

Dorsal lip of blastopore from unpigmented newt to blastocoel roof of pigmented newt
Second embryo was induced
Neural tube and notochord from two sources

75
Q

Anyare sa Transplantation Experiment

A

Induced partial 2nd embryo by grafting a small region of one embryo to a new site of another

76
Q

Grafted tissue, which was responsible for controlling organization of complete embryonic body + continuation of its fate

A

Organizer / Evocator

77
Q

Wilhelm Johansenn (2)

A

phenotype vs genotype

Relationship: genetic endowment is translated/expressed during devt to give rise to a functioning organism

78
Q

Salome Glueksohn Waelsch & Conrad Waddington

A

worked on mutant genes in mouse and Drosophila
Genes encode proteins, which determine properties of cell after devt
Developmental Genetics

79
Q

Integrated embryology x genetics

A

Developmental Genetics

80
Q

Accounts for development of an embryo, combined epigenesis + genetics
Development brought abt by a series of interactions between various parts
Genes encode proteins, and proteins dictate interactions of cells and tissues

A

Epigenetics

Bio 30: Embryology (Lecture) (3 decks)

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