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Bio 30: Embryology (Lecture) > Intro, Fields and History > Flashcards

Intro, Fields and History Flashcards

0
Q

Study of animal development

A

Embryology

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1
Q

Central Paradox of Life

A

How is it that a single fertilized egg can give rise to a multicellular complex organism?

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2
Q

Process or larval stage

A

Juvenile stage

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3
Q

Has approximate size and capacity to reproduce

A

Adult stage

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4
Q

Study of heredity; transmission of traits from parents to offspring

A

Genetics

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5
Q

Govern different stages of development through its activities and nature

A

Genes

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6
Q

Embryogenesis and postnatal devt

A

Developmental Biology

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7
Q

Study of the effect of genes to development of organism

A

Developmental Genetics

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8
Q

Big 4

A
  1. Neural crest cells
  2. Neural tube
  3. Pharyngeal gill slits and pouches
  4. Postanal tail

//

  1. Dorsal nerve cord
  2. Notochord
  3. Pharyngeal pouches
  4. Postanal tail
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9
Q

Abnormal proliferation of cells

A

Neoplastic growth

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10
Q

Regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism

A

Regeneration

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11
Q

Animal physically develops after birth; transition

A

Metamorphosis

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12
Q

Repair of tissues: molecular to organismic level

A

Tissue Repair

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13
Q

Example organisms for gene splicing

A

6-eyed cat and zebroid foal

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14
Q

Processes and sequential events of devt from single cell zygote to multicellular organism

A

Descriptive Embryology

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15
Q

Analysis of comparisons in devt between different vert groups

A

Comparative Embryology

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16
Q

Recapitulation Theory / Biogenetic Law person!!!

A

Ernst Haeckel

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17
Q

Recapitulation Theory / Biogenetic Law states that…

A

“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” but no total similarity

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18
Q

Von Baer’s Law states that:

A

Early features appear earlier, special/specific features appear later

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19
Q

Stage during which different species seem almost identical

A

Phylotypic stage

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20
Q

What happens in stage II of early development (von Baer) ?

A

Embryo assumes certain features not similar to others

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21
Q

What happens in stage III of early development (von Baer) ?

A

Embryos begin to have their own certain characteristics and special features

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22
Q

Oviparous

A

Lay eggs, develop outside mother

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23
Q

Viviparous

A

Embryos develop inside mommy

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24
Ovoviviparous
Eggs retained in mother's body
25
Testing a hypothesis by manipulating embryo
Experimental Embryology
26
Who pioneered Experimental Embryology
WILHELM ROUX
27
Involves transplant of tissue/organ to same species
Homotransplantation
28
Involves transplant of tissue/organ to another species within order
Xenotransplantation
29
Problems of conception and contraception
Reproductive Biology
30
Emphasis of reproductive biology (5: G Tf Er Ed I)
``` Gametogenesis Transport of gametes and fert Endocrinology of reproduction Embryonic devt Implantation of embryo ```
31
Study of chemical and physical events in devt (molecular aspect)
Chemical Embryology
32
Study of birth defects
Teratology
33
Genetic events in teratology (3: MAT)
Mutations Aneuploidy Translocation
34
Mutation
Replaced base pairs
35
Anueploidy
Change in chromosome number
36
Translocation
Misdecoded tasks, change in position of base pairs
37
malformations due to production of much lesser number of cells during cell proliferation
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
38
Phocomelia: define and cause
- long bones of limbs are absent or deficient; also, facial deformities - genetic inheritance / mutation / drug THALIDOMIDE
39
Cultured germ cells meet in a controlled environment
Test tube baby or in vitro fertilization
40
In vitro embryos transferred to surrogate mothers
Embryo Transfer
41
Creating genetically identical living organisms
Animal Cloning
42
First ever cloned animal and baby
Dolly, Bonnie
43
Who made Dolly and from which type of cell
Ian Wilmuth and Keith Campbell Mammary gland cell
44
Aristotle contributions
Preformation and epigenesis
45
Preformation
Mini embryo already existed and only needed time and nourishment for devt
46
Epigenesis
Gradual formation of structures; single cell to multicellular
47
Encasement concept
Homunculus, a tiny human in fetal position in the head of sperm
48
Discoveted parthenogenesis in some female insect
Charles Bonnet
49
Galen's contribution
Studied structures of advanced fetuses (not studied well since early stages more critical)
50
Anton van Leeuwenhoek + Louis Hamm contributions (2)
First to see human sperms with microscope | From drop of water they saw bacteria, protozoa, sperm cells
51
Regnier de Graaf (2)
First to describe ovarian follicles and Fallopian tube | Studied ectopic pregnancy
52
Graafian follicles are...
Mature ovarian follicles
53
Ectopic pregnancy
Fetus does not develop within uterus
54
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Stated: male and female gametes required to initiate devt
55
Marcello Malpighi (2)
Description of devt of chick in egg First microscopic acct of chick devt Unconvinced of epigenesis
56
Karl Ernst von Baer (4)
von Baer's Law Germ Layer Theory Investigated cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation Discovered chick notochord and mammalian egg
57
Caspar Friedrich Wolff
Embryology devt occurs through progressive remodeling and growth Supported epigenesis
58
Matthias Schleiden + Theodor Schwann (4)
All plants and animals made up of cells Cell Theory with Virchow proved epigenesis Foundation of modern embryology
59
Cell Theory
1. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life 2. Cells come only from preexisting cells 3. Cells contain genetic information which is inherited
60
August Weismann (4)
Studied sea urchin egg fertilization and cleavage Developed the Germ Plasm Theory theorized Mosaic Pattern of Development *zygote contains nuclei from parents
61
Germ Plasm Theory states that... (3)
Somatic cells vs Germ Cells (GCs the ones involved in perpetuation of species) Mutations in somatic cells not inherited Mutations in germ cells reflected in both somatic and germ cells
62
Mosaic Development aka???
Weismann's Theory of Nuclear Determination
63
Mosaic Devt states that... (3)
Zygote contains 2 pronuclei Nuclei contains factors that are unequally distributed in daughter cells Fate of each cell predetermined in egg by factors it would receive during cleavage
64
Ernst Haeckel
Recapitulation Theory or Biogenetic Law
65
Wilhelm Roux (2)
Ablation Experiment or Embryonic Extirpation | Proved Weismann's theory of Mosaic Development, wherein character and fate of each cell is determined at cleavage
66
Ablation Experiment - anyare?
He destroyed 1 blastomere sa 2-cell stage --> only half embryo was formed
67
Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch
Totipotent vs Pluripotent | Demonstrated: possible to remove large pieces of eggs yet not affect the resulting embryo
68
Monad
Totipotent blastomere
69
Can give rise to all types of cells; causes indiv cells to produce other systems that it will not produce normally
Totipotent
70
Can only give rise to specific cells
Pluripotent
71
Ability of the embryo to develop normally even if some cells are removed or rearranged
Regulative Development
72
Answer to friction between Roux's Ablation Expt and Driesch's Regulative Devt Expt?
There is no such thing as pure mosaic or pure regulative dev't. It depends on particular phase or time of development.
73
Hans Spemann + Hilde Mangold (2 experiments)
Induction Experiment | Transplantation experiment
74
Anyare sa Induction Experiment
Dorsal lip of blastopore from unpigmented newt to blastocoel roof of pigmented newt Second embryo was induced Neural tube and notochord from two sources
75
Anyare sa Transplantation Experiment
Induced partial 2nd embryo by grafting a small region of one embryo to a new site of another
76
Grafted tissue, which was responsible for controlling organization of complete embryonic body + continuation of its fate
Organizer / Evocator
77
Wilhelm Johansenn (2)
phenotype vs genotype | Relationship: genetic endowment is translated/expressed during devt to give rise to a functioning organism
78
Salome Glueksohn Waelsch & Conrad Waddington
worked on mutant genes in mouse and Drosophila Genes encode proteins, which determine properties of cell after devt Developmental Genetics
79
Integrated embryology x genetics
Developmental Genetics
80
Accounts for development of an embryo, combined epigenesis + genetics Development brought abt by a series of interactions between various parts Genes encode proteins, and proteins dictate interactions of cells and tissues
Epigenetics

Bio 30: Embryology (Lecture) (3 decks)

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