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Bio 30: Embryology (Lecture) > [E2T3] Ectodermal Derivatives > Flashcards

[E2T3] Ectodermal Derivatives Flashcards

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0
Q

Level of Regional differentiation and change in the shape of the neural tube (oval)

A

Gross anatomical level

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1
Q

Levels of differentiation of the neural tube - 3

A

Gross anatomical level
Tissue-level differentiation / Histogenesis
Cellular-level differentiation / Cytogenesis

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2
Q

Changes in shape during the gross anatomical level

A

Lateral outpocketings or evagination: telencephalic vesicles and optic vesicles

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3
Q

Three week embryo ?

A

Formation of neural tube

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4
Q

Four week embryo

A

Formation of primary brain vesicles (prosen, mesen, rhomben)
Delineation of anteriormost and posteriormost regions of brain
Ballooning of early embryonic brain

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5
Q

Six week embryo

A

Formation of secondary brain vesicles (telen, dien, mesen, meten, myelen)

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6
Q

Seven week embyro

A

Formation of epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, etc

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7
Q

Prosencephalon divided into:

A

Telencephalon ➡️ cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, lateral ventricles
Diencephalon ➡️ thalamic/hypothalamic regions, optic vesicle, III ventricle, infundibulum, hypophysis (anterior pituitary, pars tuberalis, pars distalis, pars intermedia)

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8
Q

Lumen and fate of mesencephalon?

A

Lumen ➡️ cerebral aqueduct / Aqueduct of Sylvius

Fate ➡️ optic lobes

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9
Q

Rhombencephalon divided into:

A

Metencephalon ➡️ cerebellum, pons
Myelencephalon ➡️ medulla oblongata
** rhombomeres

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10
Q

Level of organization of neurons into functional regions; entails migration, with neurons as spatial directors

A

Histogenesis/Tissue Level Differentiation

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11
Q

Differentiation in structure and function of neurons (selective gene expression) and synthesis of luxury proteins (culminating phase in cell diff)

A

Cytogenesis/Cellular Level Diff

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12
Q

Dorsal pattern induced by?

Ventral pattern induced by?

A

Epidermis

Notochord

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13
Q

Initiate dorso-ventral axis specification

A

Paracrine factors

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14
Q

Superfamily of proteins that establish the dorsal fates of the neural tube, originate in dorsal ectoderm

A

Transforming Growth Factor Beta / TGF-B

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15
Q

Mediates the ventral specification of the neural tube through differential expression of transcriptional factors

A

Sonic Hedgehog protein / SHH

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16
Q

One cell layer thick
Active in mitosis
Mother of all neurons and glia
Surrounds brain ventricle

A

Neuroepithelium

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17
Q

Divisions of neuroepithelium (2)

A

Migrate and differentiate outside neural tube

Continue mitosis and return to germinal neuroepithelium

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18
Q

Two kinds of mitosis

A

Vertical division - product: 2 stem cells

Horizontal division - product: apical cell (neuroblast) or basal cell (stem cell)

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19
Q

Identity of neuron specified prior to migration but layer where it ends up is dependent on?

A

Time of birth

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20
Q

What is the birthday of a neuron

A

Time of last horizontal division

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21
Q

General model for development of CNS

A

Tripartite pattern

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22
Q

3 zones of tripartite pattern

A

Marginal zone
Intermediate Zone / mantle
Ventricular germinal zone

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23
Q

Stable secondary center of mitosis

A

Marginal zone

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24
Q

Gray matter (aggregation of neurons) & color is caused by perikaryon/cytoplasm/soma cell body of neurons being highly pigmented

A

Mantle zone

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25
Q

Source of all stem cells, active in mitosis

A

Ventricular germinal zone

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26
Q

Migrating cells of neuroepithelium will form?

A

Mantle or intermediate zone

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27
Q

Germinal epithelium will become?

A

Ventricular zone and then ependymal layer

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28
Q

Mantle zone cells differentiate into:

A

Neurons and Glia

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29
Q

White matter is composed of:

A

Axons in marginal zone covered with myelin sheaths

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30
Q

Gray matter composed of:

A

Neuronal cell bodies

31
Q

Order of layers from inner to outer:

A

Ventricular ➡️ mantle ➡️ marginal

32
Q

Divides neural tube into dorsal and ventral halves

A

Sulcus Limitans

33
Q

Migration of neurons to form nuclei in marginal zone ➡️ white matter
Neuroblasts divide & form 2nd mitotic center: external granular/germinal layer

A

Cerebellar organization

34
Q

Modifications in tripartite pattern due to? (3)

A

Cell migration
Differential neuronal proliferation
Selective cell death

35
Q

Cluster of neurons in brain; a fxnl unit; relay station between outer layers of cerebellum and other brain parts /// cluster of neurons in CNS

A

Nucleus

36
Q

Neuronal precursors cells that migrate away from the germinal neuroepithelium and into marginal layer to form a second mitotic center (external granular layer)

A

Neuroblasts

37
Q

Produced by other postmitotic neuroblasts migrating back into white matter

A

Internal granular layer / cortex

38
Q

Ciliated simple columnar cells lining the lumen which produce new neurons and glial cells

A

Ependymal cells

39
Q

Produced by ependymal cells, impt in electrical transmission, supports granule neurons
Secretes SHH

A

Purkinje neurons

40
Q

Young cerebellar cells migrate along

A

Bergmann glial fibers

41
Q

In adults, differentiate white and gray matter

A

White: medullar/inner, myelinated axons
Gray: cortical/outer, 3 sub-layers, nuclei

42
Q

Growth cone composed of

A

Actin filaments

43
Q

Form nuclei and leads to formation of neopallial cortex

A

Vertical or radial migration

44
Q

Form 40~ regions of brain which regulate different body processes

A

Horizontal or lateral migration

45
Q

Continue mitosis until middle of childhood to complete layers

A

Ventricular cells

46
Q

Which layer a cell migrates to

A

Laminar identity

47
Q

Second zone of neurons at outer surface of brain formed by neuroblasts from mantle zone

A

Neurocortex / Cortical Plane

48
Q

Contain columnar, ciliated cells

A

Ependymal zones

49
Q

Most predominant neurons

Primary excitation units

A

Pyramidal cells

50
Q

Postnatal growth rate

A

250,000 neurons per minute for the first 2 years

51
Q

Cortex formation rate

A

30,000 synapses per second per centimeters

52
Q

Actual human gestation occurs for

A

21 months

53
Q

Differentiate:
Nucleus vs Ganglion
Tract vs Nerve

A

Aggregation of cell bodies in CNS - in PNS

Aggregation of nerve fascicles in CNS - PNS

54
Q

Outgrowth or cytoplasmic processes of beginning neurons

A

Neurite

55
Q

Parts of a neuron: 3

A

Cell body/soma/perikarya
Nerve processes
Terminal buttons

56
Q

Main types of neurons:

A

Bipolar - sensory neurons
Multipolar - motor neurons
Pseudounipolar - PNS ganglia

57
Q

Neural precursor, half undergo apoptosis, with 2 developmental pathways

A

Neural stem cells

58
Q

2 developmental pathways of neural stem cells

A

Neuron

Glial cell

59
Q

Resident macrophages of brain and spinal cord, first line of defense of CNS, from monocytes

A

Microglia

60
Q

Star shaped cells important for cell repair

Contributes to blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

61
Q

2 types of astrocytes

A

Protoplasmic - bigger fell body, fewer and longer cell processes
Fibrous - branched

62
Q

Natural rejuvenation of neurons with help of glial cells

A

Postnatal neurogenesis

63
Q

Site of neurogenesis, joins 2 cerebral hemispheres, for recognition of memory and past events

A

Dentate gyrus of hippocampus

64
Q

Human brain can be divided into 4 interconnected areas:

A

Brainstem, diencephalon, limbic system, neocortex

65
Q

Inside the human cerebrum… (4)

A

Frontal region
Occipital region
Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus

66
Q

Neural growth factors: (7)

A 
GNF/GGF: Glial nerve/growth factor
BDNF: brain derived nerve factor
IGF: insulin-like growth factor
NT-3: neurotropine 3
EGF: epidermal growth factor
GGF: glial growth factor
FGF: fibroblast growth factor
67
Q

Effect of alcohol on neurogenesis

A

Stem cells will not undergo mitosis ➡️ no neurons

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

68
Q

Conical structure at tip of axon, guides elongation of axon via molecular signals from extracellular envt, composed of actin and tubulin

A

Growth Cone

69
Q

Microspikes components??

A

Filopodia

Lamellipodia & Lamellipodium (finger like vs palm like)

70
Q

Membrane proteins serving as axonal growth cone guidance molecules

A

Semaphorin

71
Q

Two axonal guidance types

A

Long range and short range cues

72
Q

Involves diffusible substances, released from target cells and or substrate

A

Long range cues

73
Q

Mediated by contact-dependent mechanism that bind cells and ECM

A

Short range cues

74
Q

Examples of long range cues

A

Netrin, semaphorin

75
Q

Example of short range cues

A

Cadherins, ephrins

76
Q

For myelination, which cells are involved?

A

CNS: Schwann cells + axons
PNS: oligodendrocytes + nerve fibers

Bio 30: Embryology (Lecture) (3 decks)

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