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RUSVM Nutrition Summer17 COPY > Intro & Feedstuffs > Flashcards

Intro & Feedstuffs Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following feedstuffs has the highest protein content (%)?

Corn silage
Wheat
Timothy hay
Soybean meal

A

Soybean meal

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2
Q

Select the most used cereal in poultry feeding:

Wheat, Maize/corn, Barley, Oats, Millet

A

Maize/Corn

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3
Q

What is the essential Amino acid for cats?

A

Taurine

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4
Q

Which of the following is the NON-essential amino acid?

Arginine
Histidine
Tryptophan
Valine
None of the above
A

NONE OF THE ABOVE

All are essential AA

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5
Q

Which of the following is the saturated fatty acid?

Acetic, Oleic, Linoleic

A

Acetic

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6
Q

What is the mineral in higher content in beef cattle ash?

K, P, Mo, Zn, Ca

A

Ca - Calcium

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7
Q

What is the primary nutrient component in livestock feeds?

A

Carbohydrates

Composed of: C, H, O

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8
Q

What is a monosaccharide? What are two important monosaccharides we often refer to?

A

1 sugar molecule

**Fructose and Glucose
(these are hexose monosaccharides)

Fructose and glucose together make Sucrose

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9
Q

What is a disaccharide? Some examples?

A

2 sugar molecules

Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose

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10
Q

What is a polysaccharide and some examples?

A

Multiple sugar molecules

Cellulose, glycogen, starch, gums, hemicellulose

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11
Q

Where is protein found in the highest concentration?

A

In all living organisms (after water)

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12
Q

What are some functions of proteins?

A 
Protecting the body (hair, skin)
Food digestion (enzymes)
Stimulating growth (hormones)
Immune reactions (immunoglobulins)
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13
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

Protein = a long chain of amino acids

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14
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Taurine (cats)

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15
Q

What amino acids are low in cereals and thus more likely for those animals eating them to be deficient in?

A

Lysine
Methionine
Tryptophan

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16
Q

T/F: If an AA is required to synthesize a protein is not available, that protein will not be synthesized

A

TRUE

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17
Q

Organic compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent, are _________

A

lipids

Found in plants and animals

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18
Q

What is the main role of lipids?

A

Concentrated form of stored energy

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19
Q

What constitutes a saturated fatty acid?

A

When all bonds in the carbon are taken up by hydrogen (all the carbons are saturated)

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20
Q

What are five common unsaturated fatty acids?

A 
Palmitoleic
Oleic
Linoleic
Linolenic
Arachidonic
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21
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

FA that animals require but are NOT able to synthesize

Ex: linoleic and linolenic

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22
Q

What percent of the monogastric animals diet is composed of essential fatty acids?

A

1%

These are imporant to the lipid protein structure of the cell membrane and prostaglandin

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23
Q

Scaly skin, necrosis of the tail, and poor feathering are all examples of what nutrient deficiency?

A

Lipids/Essential fatty acids

More frequent in poultry

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24
Q

Macro minerals are the major minerals found in concentrations above ______

Micro minerals (trace minerals) are found in concentrations less than ___________

A

100 ppm

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25
Q

What are some important macro minerals?

A

Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na, S

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26
Q

Most minerals found in the animal body are part of the _________

A

Skeleton

*ash content = mineral content (non specific)

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27
Q

What are some mineral deficiencies seen in sheep, piglets, pigs, goats and chickens?

A

Cobalt in sheep

Iron in piglets

Seleium in pigs

Zinc in goats and chickens

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28
Q

What animals can not synthesize Vitamin C?

A

humans, guinea-pigs, monkeys

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29
Q

What vitamins are water soluble?

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Water = C, B1, B2, B6, B12

Fat = A, D, E, K

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30
Q

Where are most vitamins stored in the body?

A

Liver

smaller amts are stored in the kidneys and spleen

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31
Q

Anorexia, Reduced growth, dermatitis, muscular incoordination, and weakness are all signs of what nutrient deficiency?

A

Vitamin deficiency

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32
Q

What specific vitamin deficiencies cause blindness, rickets, and tissue hemorrhage?

A 
Blindness = vitamin A
Rickets = vitamin D
Hemorrhage = vitamin K
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33
Q

What is the difference between digestible energy (DE) and Metabolisable energy (ME)?

A

DE = Gross energy feed - GE feces

ME = DE - Gross energy (urine and gasses)

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34
Q

T/F: 1 Calorie = 1kcal

A

TRUE

calorie (cal) Gross energy = amt of energy needed to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius

Nutrition use of calorie (Cal) = amt of energy needed to raise the temp of one kilogram of water by one degree celsius

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35
Q

What are sources of water that animals use?

A 
Drinking water
Free water (included in feedstuffs)
Metabolic water = released when nutrients and body tissues are broken down
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36
Q

T/F: Animals in arid environments obtain a lower percentage of water from sources other than drinking

A

FALSE

Higher percentage (bc they have less access to drinking water)

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37
Q

Water can be lost via what organs, or secretions?

A

urine, feces, lungs, skin surface, milk

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38
Q

Good quality water contains less than ______ % dissolvent solids

A

0.25%

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39
Q

What are commonly found minerals in water?

A 
Chloride
sodium
magnesium 
calcium
sulphates and bicarbonates
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40
Q

What is the most common analysis for used for feed samples?

A

Proximate analysis

Estimates : dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, nitrogen free extract

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41
Q

What does the Kjeldahl method measure?

A

Crude protein

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42
Q

Inorganic minerals are determined by their _____ content

A

Ash

**specific mineral content is not determined

43
Q

What is an oxygen bomb calorimeter used to measure?

A

Energy

44
Q

T/F: Low NDF values are desired in quality feed

A

TRUE (NDF increases as forages mature)

Neutral detergent fiber = structural components of the plant, specifically the cell wall

provides bulk or fill

45
Q

What is the acid detergent fiber or ADF? Is it desirable in feedstuffs?

A

ADF= the least digestible plant components, including cellulose and lignin

The lower the ADF the more nutritious the feed

46
Q

Plant materials (roughages or forages) primarily provide dietary ________

A

Carbohydrates

47
Q

______ may be defined as dietary components that are high in fiber (cellulose)

A

Roughage

48
Q

_____ may be defined as the total plant material to be consumed by the animal

A

Forage

49
Q

_______ may be defined as plant material not including seeds or roots

A

Herbage

**primarily used for wildlife

50
Q

T/F: Monogastric animals perform well on roughages

A

FALSE

Ruminants do well on roughages bc they require the action of microbial digestion –> therefore they are usually low on readily available carbs compared to other feeds

51
Q

What are the four categories of herbage?

A

Grasses, Legumes, Forbs, Browse

52
Q

What herbage has the ability to convert atmosphere Nitrogen into crude protein?

A

Legumes

53
Q

T/F: C3 grasses typically have lower protein content that C4 grasses

A

False

C4 grasses have lower protein content than C3

C4 type = tropical and sub tropical

C3 = majority in temperate countries

54
Q

This is a grass that is found in the southern USA, in lawns, pastures, and hays, it has a dense root mass and can become fibrous when over mature. What grass was described?

A

Bermuda grass

protein 15%

55
Q

This grass is perennial and is higher quality in the cool season. Protein content ranges from 12-16%. What grass is being described?

A

Ryegrass

56
Q

This grass is a very common in cold season grass that is relatively hardy in the winter. It is present in the US and Canada and has a crude protein of 12%. What grass is being described?

A

Brome grass

good for beef cattle

57
Q

This grass is common on lawns and pastures. It is drought tolerant and can grow in warm to cold climates. It is often contaminated with endophyte fungus which can cause many medical problems in horses and cattle. What grass is being described?

A

Fescue grass

58
Q

What complications can occur with fescue?

A

Produces ergot type alkaloids, fescue foot in cattle (gangrene)

59
Q

What is a favorite grass for horses, that is cold adapted, and can be cubed?

A

Timothy

cubed for rabbits and horses

60
Q

What are some characteristics of orchard grass?

A

very common and quality grass hay
Grows in cool weather
very productive
Cp should be around 14-17% but in early growing grass is 25%, and hay 12%

61
Q

what are four native grasses?

A

Little bluestem
Big bluestem
Indian grass
Switch grass

62
Q

What are some examples of legumes?

A

Alfalfa, clovers, soybeans, green beans, peas and lentils

63
Q

Is alfalfa drought tolerant?

A

Yes - bc it is deeply rooted

It is also, highly palatable, and an excellent source of protein, calcium, carotene, tocopherol, and water soluble vitamins

64
Q

What are some alfalfa associated problems?

A

Bloat in cattle (if grazed)
Blister beetle toxicity in horses: Epicauta spp of beetle - contains cantharidin –> GI irritant (oral ulcers, colic) to death in horses

65
Q

T/F: Alfalfa hay must be cut after the bloom stage to prevent adverse effects

A

False. Must be cut before the bloom stage to prevent blister beetles

66
Q

What are some problems associated with feeding sweet clover?

A

High in coumarin which is converted by molds to dicoumarol –> anti vitamin K

*may cause bleeding problems (death is rare) Cattle are more affected that sheep/horses - neonates are affected the most

67
Q

What legume has a tendency to accumulate mycotoxins and causes salivary syndrome in horses?

What problems does it cause in cattle?

A

Red clover (has characteristic red flower)

Cause bloat, dhr, frequent urination in cattle

68
Q

What problem can alsike clover cause in horses? How can this be prevented?

A

Photosenstization

Alsike clover should not be fed to horses in greater than 5% of the feed

69
Q

What legume is common in pastures and laws all over the world, originating from Europe? It has high CP ~ 17-33%

A

White clover aka Dutch clover

70
Q

Any low growing broad leaf plant that commonly grows with grass plants is referred to as _______

______ are very good at using these as a food source

A

Forbs

Goats

71
Q

T/F: Browse and woody plants are a last resort plant material

A

TRUE

some goat breeds and wild animals like deer and bison can digest these

72
Q

T/F: Forages/Pastures are most nutritious if harvested and or eaten as a mature plant

A

FALSE

YOUNGER is better!

(less nutritious once flowering)

73
Q

What is green chop?

A

Forage harvested and chopped daily

moisture content and nutritional value change through out the year

74
Q

What are some advantages of feeding green chop to cattle?

A

Less nutrient loss

May reduce bloat

75
Q

How is hay preserved?

A

By drying. It is foraged, dried, then baled at a low water content

76
Q

How is silage preserved? What is the most commonly used form of silage?

A

Anaerobic preservation (form of controlled fermentation) - then stored in a tower, bunker, or bag

Corn is the most commonly used silage

77
Q

What are 2 examples of carbonaceous silage and 2 exampled of proteinaceous silages?

A

Carbonaceous - corn and grass

Proteinaceous - alfalfa and clover

78
Q

Corn silage is made when kernels have reached the ______ stage

A

dent

79
Q

Straw is the non-grain part of crops such as _____ or _____

A

Wheat or oats

It is low in energy, protein, minerals, vitamins –> little nutritional value

80
Q

Cereal grains are grains produced by plants of the ________ family

A

grass

Ex: corn, rice, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum

81
Q

What is the number one US grain?

A

CORN

it is very productive, highly palatable, HIGH ENERGY, low fiber. low protein and several AA

82
Q

What animals can be fed corn and cob meal?

A

Ruminants

when the cob is included there is more fiber, it is less digestible, and there is a lower CP than corn grain

83
Q

Fill in the blank (high or low)

Wheat cereal is ____ energy, _____ CP, and ______ fiber

A

high energy
high CP
Low fiber

84
Q

Can barley be fed while it’s green?

A

NO!

Barley is cold tolerant, is a hard kernel that must be rolled, ground, or flaked

*more drought tolerant than wheat

85
Q

T/F: Oats are lower in fiber and have less energy than other grains

A

TRUE

86
Q

T/F: Bran has more fiber and less energy than whole grain

A

TRUE

Bran is the outer covering of the grain seed. It is removed when white flour is made

87
Q

Which cereal product has the greatest CP?

barley
corn
wheat
sorghum
wheat bran
A

Wheat

88
Q

Molasses is the ________ of sugar.

It is ______ on energy, and _______ on protein.

A

by product

high on energy
low on protein

*used to increase palatability and help dusty foods stick together

89
Q

What are three energy feed stuffs used to increase palatability?

A

Molasses
Sugar beet pulp
Citrus pulp

90
Q

Why must animal fats with protein be avoided in cattle?

A

To avoid mad cow dz or other prion dz

91
Q

What animals is protein especially critical for?

A

Young, rapidly growing animals and high performance dairy cows

92
Q

What must soybeans be heat treated before feeding?

A

They contain trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutins, urease, saponins

***soybean meal is the most important protein supplement

93
Q

What seed meal contains gossypol and should be avoided in monogastric animals?

A

Cottonseed meal

94
Q

What seed meal is deficient in lysine?

A

sunflower seed meal

it is high in protein and high in fiber (not good for monogastric animals)

95
Q

What is a tropical crop that can be used to produce a meal that is low on lysine and has low digestibility?

A

Peanuts

96
Q

What meal contains toxic goitrogenic compounds that can disrupt thyroid metabolism?

A

Canola or rapeseed

less lysine than soybean meal and higher in methionine

97
Q

What is the function of corn gluten meal in feedstuffs?

A

Protein suplement

40 - 60% crude protein content

98
Q

Bone meal, meat meal, shrimp meal, and fish meal are all examples of what?

A

animal by-product protein supplements

99
Q

Other than a protein supplement, what can be used for boosting protein levels in ruminant rations?

A

Non-protein nitrogen

**this has a bitter taste and must be mixed with other foods to be consumed by ruminants

100
Q

What is the most common way cattle are supplemented for NaCl?

A

Salt licks

This is the most common mineral supplement added to diets

*especially important for lactating animals

101
Q

Why might mineral supplements be important for poultry? What are some examples?

A

To help with egg shell production

Oyster shell, limestone, Dicalcium phosphate, Calcium carbonate

102
Q

What are common sources of each of the following vitamins?

A, D, E, K, B

A

A- fish liver oil (cod/shark)
D- sun cured forages, fish oil, synthetic
E- germ or germ oil of plants, green plants or hays,
K- green plant material
B complex - animal and fish by-products, dairy products

103
Q

What vitamin can not be obtained from a plant source?

A

Vitamin A

RUSVM Nutrition Summer17 COPY (18 decks)

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